Table 2 Differential expression of candidate circulating miRNAs in breast cancer cases versus controls.

miRNA	TMM cases*	TMM controls*	log₂(FC)	Fold change*	Odds ratio (95% CI)**	P**	Odds ratio (95% CI)***	P***
miR-101-3p	1.390	1.965	− 0.575	0.671	0.31 (0.19–0.52)	< 0.001	0.34 (0.16–0.75)	0.007
miR-139-5p	− 3.907	− 4.494	0.587	1.502	1.55 (1.15–2.11)	0.004	1.81 (1.16–2.83)	0.009
miR-142-3p	3.084	2.906	0.178	1.131	0.55 (0.31–0.96)	0.037	0.37 (0.17–0.81)	0.013
miR-186-5p	− 3.680	− 3.501	− 0.179	0.883	0.72 (0.47–1.11)	0.137	0.36 (0.18–0.70)	0.003
miR-21-3p	− 4.690	− 4.970	0.280	1.214	1.27 (0.94–1.70)	0.116	1.18 (0.76–1.84)	0.466
miR-29a-3p	− 0.036	0.283	− 0.319	0.802	0.58 (0.36–0.91)	0.0019	0.31 (0.17–0.57)	< 0.001
miR-331-3p	− 3.649	− 3.835	0.186	1.138	1.84 (1.14–2.95)	0.012	2.19 (1.14–4.24)	0.019
miR-423-3p	− 0.979	− 1.276	0.297	1.229	3.13 (1.78–5.49)	< 0.001	4.65 (1.99–10.82)	< 0.001
miR-146a-5p	0.322	0.474	− 0.152	0.900	0.23 (0.12–0.43)	< 0.001	0.23 (0.10–0.52)	< 0.001
miR-141-3p	− 5.567	− 5.674	0.107	1.077	1.16 (0.92–1.45)	0.218	1.44 (1.03–2.01)	0.033
miR-21-5p	3.437	3.473	− 0.036	0.975	4.58 (2.09–10.01)	0.006	27.11 (6.98–105.33)	< 0.001

TMM (trimmed mean of M-values): Method used for miRNA expression normalization.
Fold change (FC): Ratio of expression between cases and controls (FC > 1 indicates overexpression; FC < 1 indicates underexpression). log₂(FC) is the base-2 logarithmic transformation of FC.
Crude (unadjusted) vs. Adjusted (** and ***): The unadjusted model does not control for any confounders; the second model is adjusted for all miRNAs included in the final set; the third model also adjusts for age, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), family history of breast cancer, smoking status, alcohol intake, use of hormonal contraceptives, history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), education level, and region of recruitment.
P values are nominal and not corrected for multiple testing; results should be interpreted as exploratory.

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