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Genetic Improvement of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) through gamma-ray-induced mutagenesis: evaluation of M₄ progenies for yield, agronomic traits, and low ODAP content
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  • Published: 28 February 2026

Genetic Improvement of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) through gamma-ray-induced mutagenesis: evaluation of M₄ progenies for yield, agronomic traits, and low ODAP content

  • Vandana S. Madke1,
  • R. M. Manwar1,
  • B. C. Nandeshwar2 &
  • …
  • Usman Mohammed Ali3 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

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  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics
  • Plant sciences

Abstract

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a protein-rich legume widely cultivated in drought-prone areas of Asia and Africa. Despite its resilience and nutritional value, Lathyrus suffers from limited genetic variability and the persistent problem of β-ODAP toxicity, which restricts consumption and warrants focused breeding initiatives. Developing high-yielding, low-ODAP varieties is critical for food safety and agricultural productivity. The present study employed gamma irradiation (250, 300, 350 Gy) to induce mutagenesis in seeds of cultivar NLK-73. Through successive generational selection (up to M₄), 29 promising mutants were evaluated in a randomized block design. Phenotypic and yield attributes were measured, along with ODAP quantification using spectrophotometry. Data analysis included ANOVA, estimation of genetic parameters, heritability, and genetic advance. Significant genetic variability was observed among M₄ mutants for all evaluated traits. The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among genotypes for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, branches/plant, pods/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield, and ODAP content. High heritability (> 60%) and substantial genetic advance were found for key traits such as branches and pods per plant, suggesting additive genetic action. Ten mutants (notably NLM-12, NLM-20, NLM-23) surpassed checks in seed yield (23–24.5 g/plant vs. 13.9 g/plant) with proportionately lower ODAP content, marking them as candidates for breeding programs and further evaluation. Gamma ray mutagenesis effectively broadened variability in Lathyrus sativus, enabling selection of superior M₄ mutants with enhanced yield and reduced ODAP content. The results suggest the feasibility of developing safer, high-yielding grass pea cultivars, warranting further validation. Adoption of mutation breeding should continue for rapid improvement of grass pea, focusing on reducing β-ODAP to trace levels while maximizing germplasm diversity and yield. Multi-location field trials are recommended to confirm stability of desirable traits. Molecular characterization and marker-assisted selection to expedite breeding for low-ODAP, high-protein lines is warranted. Exploration of alternative mutagens and advanced genomic tools will facilitate precise genetic improvement.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments and insightful suggestions, which significantly improved the quality and impact of this manuscript. Our appreciation also extends to the journal editors for their diligent efforts and guidance throughout the revision and editing process.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, 440001, India

    Vandana S. Madke & R. M. Manwar

  2. Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Sonapur- Gadchiroli, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, 442605, India

    B. C. Nandeshwar

  3. Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Wollega University, Shambu, Oromia, Ethiopia

    Usman Mohammed Ali

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R.M.M: conceived, designed and wrote the project; V.S M and B.C.N. conducted the formal analysis; U.M.A. revised and proofread the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Madke, V.S., Manwar, R.M., Nandeshwar, B.C. et al. Genetic Improvement of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) through gamma-ray-induced mutagenesis: evaluation of M₄ progenies for yield, agronomic traits, and low ODAP content. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41769-9

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  • Received: 28 July 2025

  • Accepted: 23 February 2026

  • Published: 28 February 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-41769-9

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Keywords

  • Grass pea
  • Gamma-ray mutagenesis
  • ODAP content
  • Heritability
  • Genetic advance
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