Fig. 5

(a) PCA-enhanced composite image (PC2 displayed as RGB) with automatically extracted lineaments. (b) Corresponding lineament density map (km/km2) showing the spatial distribution and concentration of structural features across the study area. (c) Histogram of lineament density values displaying their frequency distribution, with mean and standard deviation indicated. (d) Rose diagram illustrating the statistically measured orientations of extracted lineaments, revealing dominant NE–SW and NW–SE structural trends.