Fig. 4
From: Noradrenergic activity as a key target in modulating consciousness
(a) Increased BOLD signal in the posterior insula (pIns; MNI xyz = -38 -12 12; p < 0.05 FWE, CDT = 0.001), in midcingulate cortex (MCC: -8 -2 42) and left amygdala (Amy; -34 -4 -18) (p < 0.001 uncorrected), after sleep deprivation. (b) Significantly increased heart rate was observed for the sleep-deprived participants during the visuospatial task compared to resting state, in contrast to the participants in the Dexdor study. The elevated heart rate indicates increased sympathetic tone and a concurrent increase in noradrenaline release. Counterintuitively, this indicates that noradrenaline levels increased rather than decreased when performing a task after sleep deprivation.
