Table 3 Training dataset characteristics.

Total sequences

18,000

Combined simulation and experimental data

Simulation data

15,847 (88%)

Generated using MOC with validated parameters

Experimental data

2,153 (12%)

Physical testbed measurements

Sensor locations

10

Distributed along 15 km pipeline

Sampling frequency

1000 Hz

Nyquist criterion satisfied

Sequence duration

30 s

Captures complete transient evolution

Pressure range

0.2–2.8 MPa

Covers operational envelope

Initial Flow velocity

0.5–2.5 m/s

Normal operating conditions

Transient types

5 categories

Valve closure, pump trip, emergency stop, flow step, combined events

Training/Validation/Test split

70%/15%/15%

Stratified by transient type