Table 7 Prediction accuracy comparison among different methods.
Prediction method | RMSE | MAPE | R² | Computation time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Proposed method (Deep BiLSTM + Attention) | Lowest | Lowest | Highest | Fast |
Method of characteristics | Moderate | Moderate-High | Moderate | Slow |
Support vector machine | High | High | Low-Moderate | Moderate |
BP neural network | Moderate-High | Moderate-High | Moderate | Fast |
Single-layer LSTM | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate-High | Fast |
