Table 2 Antimicrobial activity of pigment-xanthan-Ag-NPs, pigment- xanthan- GO-NPs, pigment- xanthan-Ag/GO, pigment-xanthan and xanthan gum, tested at varying concentrations (100, 50 and 25 mg/ml).

Sample		Gram negative		Gram positive
Sample	Con. mg/ml	E. coli	S. typhi	S. aureus	Candida
		Inhibition zone (mm)
Pigment-xanthan-Ag	100	25.33^bc±0.58	20.00^ef±1.00	28.67^b±0.58	12.00^ab±0.00
	50	26.00^b±1.00	22.00^cd±0.00	25.00^d±1.00	11.67^ab±0.58
	25	24.33^d±0.58	19.00^f±0.00	24.33^d±1.15	10.00^cd±0.00
Pigment- xanthan- GO-NPs	100	25.00^cd±0.00	23.00 ^c±0.00	30.00 ^a ±1.15	11.00^bc±0.00
	50	26.00^b±0.00	22.67 ^c±0.58	29.00^ab±0.00	10.00^cd±0.00
	25	25.00^cd±1.00	21.00 ^de±1.73	25.00^d±0.00	10.00^cd±0.00
Pigment- xanthan-Ag/GO	100	27.00^a±0.00	21.67^cd±0.58	29.67 ^ab±1.53	12.33^a±0.58
	50	25.00^cd±0.00	20.67^de±1.15	24.00^d±0.00	11.00^bc±1.00
	25	23.00^e±0.00	7.00 ^g±1.00	22.00^e±0.00	8.33^a±1.15
Pigment- xanthan-	100	25.33^bc±0.58	28.00^a±0.00	30.00^a±0.00	9.00^a±1.73
	50	25.00^cd±0.00	26.00^b±0.00	27.33^c±1.15	10.00^cd±0.00
	25	19.00^f±0.00	21.00 ^de±1.73	20.00^f±0.00	7.67^de±0.58
Xanthan gum		n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
LSD		0.84	1.53	1.22	1.23

All experiments were performed in triplicate, and the data are presented as mean ± SD. Different letters within the same column indicate statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05.

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