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Electrochemical studies on Cocos nucifera (coconut hair oil) derived carbon soot as an electrode material for EDLC application using non-aqueous NaPF6 electrolyte
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  • Published: 04 March 2026

Electrochemical studies on Cocos nucifera (coconut hair oil) derived carbon soot as an electrode material for EDLC application using non-aqueous NaPF6 electrolyte

  • Anurag Tyagi1,
  • Rita Kumari2,
  • Rekha Gupta1,
  • Chhaya Ravi Kant2 &
  • …
  • Kuldeep Mishra3 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Chemistry
  • Energy science and technology
  • Materials science

Abstract

Cocos nucifera (Coconut hair oil) was burned using wick-and-oil technique (gas-phase combustion) known as flame synthesis method to obtain carbon soot for electrode material. Synthesized carbon soot was chemically activated using optimized ratio of activating agents ZnCl2 (1:1, wt. /wt.) and KOH (1:2, wt./wt.), followed by thermal treatment at 900 °C. XRD analysis showed that the coconut oil-derived carbon soot (CoCS) has a crystallite size of ~ 1.92 nm with an interlayer spacing of 3.62 Å. After chemical activation, the crystallite size slightly altered only, while a small increase in interlayer spacing was observed (3.65 Å for ZnCl₂ activation and 3.71 Å for KOH activation), revealing subtle structural modification of the carbon framework. SEM analysis revealed a well-connected microporous network with reduced agglomerate size after activation, while EDAX confirmed increased carbon content following chemical treatment. BET results showed a substantially enhanced surface area and mesoporous structure of the KOH-activated CoCS, leading to favorable pathways for electrolyte ion transport. Among the studied samples, KOH-activated CoCS demonstrated the best electrochemical performance, delivering a specific capacitance of ~ 176 F g⁻¹, with an energy density of ~ 6.11 Wh kg⁻¹ and a maximum power density of ~ 395 W kg⁻¹. The simple synthesis route, favorable structural characteristics, and competitive electrochemical performance highlight the potential of coconut oil-derived carbon soot as a scalable and sustainable electrode material for EDLC and other energy storage applications.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge access to the experimental facilities (BET and XPS) at the Material Research Centre (MRC), MNIT Jaipur India, is gratefully acknowledged. KM acknowledges financial support from Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune under MJRP grant (SIU/SCRI/MJRP/2024/4896) and Dassault Systèmes Foundation (DSF Contract ID: 2024–6854; DSF Project ID: IN-2024-1-08).

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Open access funding provided by Symbiosis International (Deemed University).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, G.B. Nagar, Affiliated to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Anurag Tyagi & Rekha Gupta

  2. Indira Gandhi Delhi Technological University for Women, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rita Kumari & Chhaya Ravi Kant

  3. Symbosis institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune Campus, Pune, 412115, India

    Kuldeep Mishra

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A.T. wrote the main manuscript text. A.T., R.K. and R.G. procured data and interpret the results. C.R.K. Kant contributed to data analysis and experimental validation. K.M. assisted in data analysis, interpretation of results and manuscript editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kuldeep Mishra.

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Tyagi, A., Kumari, R., Gupta, R. et al. Electrochemical studies on Cocos nucifera (coconut hair oil) derived carbon soot as an electrode material for EDLC application using non-aqueous NaPF6 electrolyte. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42749-9

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  • Received: 24 December 2025

  • Accepted: 27 February 2026

  • Published: 04 March 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42749-9

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Keywords

  • Cocos nucifera
  • Flame synthesis method
  • Carbon soot
  • EDLC
  • Specific capacitance
  • Electrochemical properties
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