Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Medicinal and aromatic plants as climate-smart crops: case studies on Pelargonium graveolens and Viola odorata under Egyptian conditions

Fig. 1The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Pie chart showing the relative contribution of emission sources to violet total carbon footprint (excluding photosynthetic absorption). Solvent extraction fuel dominates at 97.3% of total emissions (27,248 kg CO2-eq/feddan), dwarfing contributions from fertilizer production (0.3%) and composting (2.4%). This extreme concentration identifies fuel-to-solvent heating as the critical intervention point for emissions reduction. Key Takeaway: Solvent extraction fuel represents the overwhelming hotspot (over 97%) in violet production.

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