Fig. 11 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 11

From: Medicinal and aromatic plants as climate-smart crops: case studies on Pelargonium graveolens and Viola odorata under Egyptian conditions

Fig. 11The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Bar chart showing violet net CO2 footprint under six decarbonization scenarios: baseline fossil fuel (15,972 kg CO2-eq per feddan), 50% solar thermal (2348 kg), 100% solar thermal (– 11,276 kg), 50% biogas (2348 kg), 100% biogas (– 11,276 kg), and 50% grid renewable electricity (2348 kg). Complete renewable energy substitution transforms violet from substantial carbon source to significant carbon sink, demonstrating 171% emission reduction. Scenario modeling confirms that extraction energy source, not cultivation practices, determines violet climate impact. Key Takeaway: 100% renewable extraction energy converts violet from carbon source to carbon sink (– 11,276 kg).

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