Fig. 3 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 3

From: Medicinal and aromatic plants as climate-smart crops: case studies on Pelargonium graveolens and Viola odorata under Egyptian conditions

Fig. 3The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Bar chart showing net carbon footprint (emissions minus photosynthetic absorption) per feddan. Geranium demonstrates a negative footprint of – 375 kg CO2-eq / feddan per season, qualifying as a net carbon sink where photosynthetic uptake exceeds all process emissions. Violet exhibits a positive footprint of + 15,972 kg CO2-eq / feddan per year, functioning as a substantial carbon source. The 16,347 kg difference highlights the profound impact of extraction method (steam distillation vs. solvent extraction) on net climate performance. Key Takeaway: Geranium is a net carbon sink (– 375 kg); violet is a net carbon source (+ 15,972 kg).

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