Fig. 4

Radar chart comparing geranium and violet on four normalized sustainability metrics (0 to 1 scale): oxygen production potential, CO2 absorption capacity, low-footprint score (inverse of emissions), and oil yield per feddan. Geranium exhibits a balanced profile with strong environmental performance (oxygen: 1.0, CO2 absorption: 1.0, low footprint: 0.95) but moderate yield (0.40). Violet shows higher yield (0.79) but substantially weaker environmental scores (oxygen: 0.20, CO2 absorption: 0.08, low footprint: 0.02), demonstrating the trade-off between product value and climate impact under current extraction technologies. Key Takeaway: Geranium delivers superior ecosystem services; violet prioritizes yield over environmental performance.