Fig. 1

CAG attenuates oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte senescence. (A) Chemical structure of CAG. (B) Effects of CAG treatment for 24 h on the viability of chondrocytes were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. n = 3. (C) Effects of CAG treatment for 48 h on the viability of chondrocytes were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. n = 3. (D–G) Western blot analysis and quantification of senescence key markers (p53, CDKN1A, CDKN2A) in chondrocytes under CAG (50 μm) and TBHP (50 μm) treatments (See Supplementary Materials for original blots). n = 3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. (H,I) Representative images and quantitative analysis of β-galactosidase staining. n = 3, bar = 50 μm. (J,K) Representative images and quantitative analysis of EdU staining. n = 3, bar = 50 μm. (L–P) ELISA quantification of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, and MMP13 levels in chondrocytes under different treatments. n = 3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.