Abstract
Optical cavities are frequently used in quantum technologies to enhance light matter interactions, with applications including single photon generation and entanglement of distant emitters. The Fabry–Pérot resonator is a popular choice for its high optical access and large emitter-mirror separation. A typical configuration, particularly for emitters that should not be placed close to the mirror surface like trapped ions and Rydberg atoms, features two spherical mirrors placed around a central emitter, but this arrangement can put demanding requirements on the mirror alignment. In contrast, plano-concave cavities are tolerant to mirror misalignment and only require the manufacture of one curved mirror, but have limited ability to focus light in the centre of the cavity. Here we show how mirror shaping can overcome this limitation of plano-concave cavities while preserving the key advantages. We demonstrate through numerical simulations that simple mirror shaping can increase coupling between a plano-concave cavity and a central emitter by an order of magnitude, even rivalling misalignment-sensitive concave-concave counterparts for achievable interaction strength. We use these observations to establish the conditions under which plano-concave cavities with shaped mirrors could improve the performance and practicality of emitter-cavity systems.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the University of Southampton Institutional Repository DOI:10.5258/SOTON/D3719. The source code that produced the data is available from the corresponding author (w.j.hughes@soton.ac.uk) at reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the use of the IRIDIS High Performance Computing Facility, and associated support services at the University of Southampton, in the completion of this work.
Funding
W.J.H and P.H were both funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Hub for Quantum Computing and Simulation (EP/T001062/1) and Hub for Quantum Computing via Integrated and Interconnected Implementations (EP/Z53318X/1).
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W.J.H. and P.H. conceived of the study. W.J.H. performed the numerical simulations. All authors contributed to writing and reviewing the manuscript.
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Hughes, W.J., Horak, P. Advanced mirror shapes for mode enhancement in plano-concave cavities. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43741-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43741-z
