Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

Scientific Reports
  • View all journals
  • Search
  • My Account Login
  • Content Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed
  1. nature
  2. scientific reports
  3. articles
  4. article
Green combustion synthesis of monoclinic Bi₂₆Mo₁₀O₆₉ nanoparticles using simarouba glauca leaves for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Rose Bengal dye
Download PDF
Download PDF
  • Article
  • Open access
  • Published: 02 April 2026

Green combustion synthesis of monoclinic Bi₂₆Mo₁₀O₆₉ nanoparticles using simarouba glauca leaves for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Rose Bengal dye

  • Shashank Puttaswamy1,
  • Murali Krishna Panchangam1,
  • Nagaraju Kottam1,
  • K R Pooja2 &
  • …
  • G. Nagaraju3 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Chemistry
  • Environmental sciences
  • Materials science
  • Nanoscience and technology

Abstract

The development of visible-light-active photocatalysts through sustainable synthesis routes is crucial for advancing environmental remediation technologies. Therefore, Well-designed photocatalysts with high catalytic activity attracted a lot of interest due to their remarkable charge separation capabilities and efficient absorption of visible light. In this work, bismuth molybdate (Bi₂₆Mo₁₀O₆₉) nanoparticles were synthesized via a green combustion process employing powdered Simarouba glauca leaves as an eco-friendly fuel. XRD pattern confirmed the formation of a monoclinic Bi₂₆Mo₁₀O₆₉ phase with space group P2/c (13), evidencing high crystallinity and phase purity. Complementary characterization techniques, including FT-IR, UV-DRS, SEM-EDAX, TEM, and PL, were utilized to elucidate the structural, morphological, and optical features of the material. The nanoparticles exhibited a direct band gap of 2.22 eV, indicative of efficient visible-light absorption. Photocatalytic evaluations indicated remarkable degradation efficiency toward Rose Bengal dye (99.1%) under visible-light irradiation at pH 5, can be related to efficient charge separation and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Scavenger and fluorescent probe tests indicated that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) played a significant role in the breakdown mechanism. Furthermore, recyclability tests demonstrated minimal loss in activity over successive cycles, affirming the catalyst’s stability and reusability. These findings establish green-synthesized Bi₂₆Mo₁₀O₆₉ nanoparticles as an efficient, stable, and environmentally benign photocatalyst, offering a promising route for the sustainable degradation of dye-laden wastewater.

Data availability

The data supporting this article have been included in this main paper, and additional data sets supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Oguanobi, N. C., Chukwunonso, O., Aniagor, G., Okoronkwo, C. N. & Ude, C. E. Onu, and Ephrem N. Anike. Industrial dye effluent sources, generation, and value-added products. In Engineered Biocomposites for Dye Adsorption, Edited by Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Mohamed Hasnain Isa and Abdullahi Haruna Birniwa, Elsevier, 1–11. (2025).

  2. Reddy, N. B., Gopal, P., Murali Krishna & Nagaraju Kottam. Novelmetal–organic photocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization and decomposition of organic dyes. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 137, 371–377 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bal, G. & Thakur, A. Distinct approaches of removal of dyes from wastewater: A review. Mater. Today Proc. 50, 1575–1579 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gurushantha, K. et al. Synthesis of heterojunction nanocomposites ZnFe2O4/ZnO/Nb2O5 for photocatalytic, capacitor and antibacterial applications. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 162, 112126 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Liu, H., Wang, C. & Wang, G. Photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: recent advances and perspective. Chemistry–An Asian J. 15 (20), 3239–3253 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kottam, N., Vergis, B. R. & Nagabhushana, B. M. and An excellent photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO under visible light for fast removal of organic pollutant from aqueous solution. Mater. Today Proc. 5 (10), 20849–20857 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lin, Z. et al. A review on research progress in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by Bi2MoO6. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (5), 110911 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Shashank P, Murali Krishna P, Nagaraju K, Pooja K. R., and Nagaraju G. Fabrication of cost-effective biogenic assisted synthesis of ultrafine copper Molybdate (α-CuMoO₄) nanoparticles: Characterisation and exploration of their optical and Photocatalysis applications. Results Chem. 18, 102777 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bincy Rose Vergis; Nagaraju Kottam; R. Hari Krishna; B. M. Nagabhushana. Removal of Evans Blue dye from aqueous solution using magnetic spinel ZnFe2O4 nanomaterial: Adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Nano-structures Nano-objects. 18, 100290 (2019).

  10. Muktha, B., Aarthi, T., Madras, G. & Guru Row, T. N. Substitution Effect on the Photocatalytic Degradation by the Series AxBi26-x Mo10O68 + 0.5 y (A = Ba, y = 0; A = Bi, La, y = 2): A Kinetic Study. J. Phys. Chem. B. 110 (21), 10280–10286 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yin, G. et al. A review on hierarchical Bi 2 MoO 6 nanostructures for photocatalysis applications. New J. Chem. 46 (3), 906–918 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chen, Y., Yang, W., Gao, S., Zhu, L. & Li, Q. Caixia Sun, and Internal polarization modulation in Bi2MoO6 for photocatalytic performance enhancement under visible-light illumination. ChemSusChem. 11 (9), 1521–1532 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Liu, X., Gu, S., Zhao, Y., Zhou, G. & Li, W. BiVO4, Bi2WO6 and Bi2MoO6 photocatalysis: A brief review. Journal of Materials Science and Technology. 56, 45–68 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kistan, A., Narmatha, S., Chitra, M. & Mayavan, L. A novel mesoporous Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4 nanocomposite as an effective photocatalyst against toxic organic pollutants. Diam. Relat. Mater. 151, 111841 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Liu, Y. et al. Construction of hierarchically structured Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/kaolinite S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for the efficient removal of formaldehyde and tetracycline under visible light. Appl. Clay Sci. 273, 107854 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Li, H. et al. Fabrication of bismuth molybdate photocatalyst co-substituted by gadolinium and tungsten for bismuth and molybdenum: Design and radical regulating by the synergistic effect of redox centers and oxygen vacancies for boosting photocatalytic activity. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 89, 86–94 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ling, C. D., Miiller, W., Johnson, M. R. & Ivana, R. Didier Richard, Stéphane Rols, Jim Madge, and Evans. Local Structure, dynamics, and the mechanisms of oxide ionic conduction in Bi26Mo10O69. Chem. Mater. 24 (23), 4607–4614 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mikhaylovskaya, Z. A., Buyanova, E. S., & Petrova, S. A. Bismuth Molybdate-based Oxygen Ion Conductors: Synthesis and Properties.KnE Mater. Sci., 15 14–23. (2018).

  19. Shunmughananthan, B. & Dheivasigamani, T. Jesman Sthevan Kovil Pitchai, and Sivakumar Periyasamy. Performance comparison of distinct bismuth molybdate single phases for asymmetric supercapacitor applications. Dalton Trans. 51 (40), 15579–15592 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wu, X. et al. Shi Xue Dou, Rose Amal, and Jason Scott. Construction of a Bi2MoO6: Bi2Mo3O12 heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic oxygen evolution. Chem. Eng. J. 353, 636–644 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Shanmugam, P. et al. A facile sol–gel synthesis and characterization of europium (Eu) doped β-Bi2Mo2O9 nanoparticles with remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity for waste-water treatments. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 146, 110163 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hardesty, B. et al. Geographic Influence on Genetic Structure in the Widespread Neotropical Tree Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae) Landscape genetic diversity of Simarouba amara. Trop. Plant. Biology. 3, 28–39 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kolahalam, L., Ammadu, K. R. S., Prasad, P. M., Krishna, & Supraja, N. Lawsonia inermis plant-based cobalt oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their biological studies. Results Chem. 7(4), 101367 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar, P. G. V., Varunakumara, J. B. & Chidanandamurthy Thippeswamy Swamy., and Green Synthesis of Medically Important Metallo Nanoparticles. In Encyclopedia of Green Materials, Edited by Chinnappan Baskar, Seeram Ramakrishna and Angela Daniela La Rosa, Springer Nature Singapore, 1–11. (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Girotra, V., Kaushik, P. & Vaya, D. Exploring sustainable synthesis paths: a comprehensive review of environmentally friendly methods for fabricating nanomaterials through green chemistry approaches. Turk. J. Chem. 48 (5), 703–725 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Adeyemi, J. O. et al. Plant extracts mediated metal-based nanoparticles: synthesis and biological applications. Biomolecules 12 (5), 627 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Soltys, L., Olkhovyy, O. & Tatarchuk, T. Mu Naushad Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: Principles of green chemistry and raw materials. Magnetochemistry 7 (11), 145 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Halder, A. & Mohan, G. R. Saravanan Matheshwaran, and Shikhar Krishn Jha. Green synthesis of neem (Azadirachta indica) functionalized zinc oxide with enhanced antimicrobial properties. Next Mater. 8, 100725 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rashid, M., Hasnat, S. I., Sujoy, M. S., Rahman & Md Jahidul Haque. Aloe vera assisted green synthesis of Ag and Cu co-doped ZnO nanoparticles and a comprehensive analysis of their structural, morphological, optical, electrical and antibacterial properties. Heliyon. 10, (3) e25438 (2024).

  30. Ambedkar, A. K. et al. Gautam. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract-assisted green synthesis of Pd-doped CuO nanoparticles for highly sensitive and selective NO2 gas sensors. ACS omega. 8 (32), 29663–29673 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mallikarjunaswamy, C. et al.  Facile synthesis of multifunctional bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles for photocatalysis and antimicrobial test. Mater. Sci. Engineering: B. 290, 116323 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nasiri, S. et al. Modified Scherrer equation to calculate crystal size by XRD with high accuracy, examples Fe2O3, TiO2 and V2O5. Nano Trends. 3, 100015 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  33. He, F., He, Z., Xie, J. & Li, Y. IR and Raman spectra properties of Bi2O3-ZnO-B2O3-BaO quaternary glass system. Am. J. Anal. Chem. 5 (16), 1142 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Abdullahi, S., Said, S., Güner, Y., Koseoglu, I. M. & Musa Bala Ismail Adamu, and Mahmud I. Abdulhamid. Sımple method for the determınatıon of band gap of a nanopowdered sample usıng Kubelka Munk theory. J. Nigerian Association Math. Phys. 35, 241–246 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Xiaobo Chen and Samuel S. Mao. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials:  Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 107 (7), 2891–2959 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  36. S. Bai, W. Jiang, Z. Li, Y. Xiong. Surface and Interface Engineering in Photocatalysis, ChemNanoMat. 1 (4), 223–239. (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sivakumar, M and Arup D. Selected Area Electron Diffraction, a technique for determination of crystallographic texture in nanocrystalline powder particle of Alloy 617 ODS and comparison with Precession Electron Diffraction, Mater. Charact. 157, 109883 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang, R., Wu, X., Chung, H. S. H. & Pan, X. A color-theory-based chromaticity coordinates tracking strategy for LED color-mixing system. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 36 (3), 3269–3278 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kuspanov, Z. et al. Photocatalysts for a sustainable future: Innovations in large-scale environmental and energy applications. Sci. Total Environ. 885, 163914 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Almaie, S., Vatanpour, V. & Rasoulifard, M. H. Ismail Koyuncu. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal by photocatalysts: A review. Chemosphere 306, 135655 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Corredor, J., Rivero, M. J. & Rangel, C. M. Frederic Gloaguen, and Inmaculada Ortiz. Comprehensive review and future perspectives on the photocatalytic hydrogen production. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 94 (10), 3049–3063 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Periyasamy, A. P. Recent advances in the remediation of textile-dye-containing wastewater. prioritizing Hum. health sustainable wastewater Treat. Sustain. 16 (2), 495 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kadhim, M. et al. The most important parameters that affect the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures against organic dyes: a review. Iran. J. Catal. 13 (1), 1-21 (2023).

  44. Malik, J., Kumar, S. & Tapas Kumar, M. Reactive species specific RhB assisted collective photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics with triple-layer Aurivillius perovskites. Catal. Sci. Technol. 12 (22), 6704–6716 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Akpan, U. G. & Bassim, H. Hameed. Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 170 (2), 520–529 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Li, R. et al. Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in water by Ag3PO4: An unusual dependency between adsorption and the degradation rate on pH value. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 421, 57–65 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Khan, M. et al. Photocatalytic decolorization and biocidal applications of non-metal doped TiO2: Isotherm, kinetic modeling and In Silico molecular docking studies. Molecules 25 (19), 4468 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Khezrianjoo, S. & Revanasiddappa, H. D. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic expression for the photocatalytic degradation of metanil yellow aqueous solutions by ZnO catalyst. Chem. Sci. J., CSJ–85, (2012).

  49. Yadav, S., Jilani, A., Sachan, S., Kumar, P. & Ansari, S. A. Muhammad Afzal, and Mohammad Omaish Ansari. Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysis of rose bengal dye and hydrogen production using Ag@ Cu/TiO2 ternary nanocomposites. Chemistry 6 (3), 489–505 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kadam, V. et al. Photocatalytic degradation of rose bengal dye using chemically synthesized pristine and molybdenum doped zinc oxide. Eng. Sci. 28, 1077 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bouatam, I. et al. Solar photodegradation of Rose Bengal in water on the spinel CaFe2O4. Optik 266, 169635 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Srivastava, M. et al. and Surjeet Chahal. Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Rose Bengal (RB) Dye Using an α-Fe2O3/MgO Nanocomposite. Journal Electron. Materials, 53 (9), 5130–5141 (2024).

  53. Suman, S., Chahal, A., Kumar & Kumar, P. Zn doped α-Fe2O3: an efficient material for UV driven photocatalysis and electrical conductivity. Crystals 10 (4), 273 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Wang, R. et al. Preparation of a novel Bi2MoO6/Ag/Ag2CrO4 catalyst with promoted visible light photodegradation of RhB Dye. Catal. Res. 2 (2), 1–21 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Masoud, Amira, M. A., Ahmed, Fritz Kühn, and Ghada Bassioni. Nanosheet g-C3N4 enhanced by Bi2 MoO6 for highly efficient photocatalysts toward photodegradation of Rhodamine-B dye. Heliyon. 9 (11), e22342 (2023).

  56. Liyun Yan, Jiahui Tang, Qing-an Qiao, Honglan Cai, Yuqi Dong, Juan Jin, Yanbin Xu and Hongwei Gao, Construction and enhanced efficiency of Bi2MoO6/ZnO composites for visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. Nanomaterials. 13 (1), 214 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Meng, J. et al. Highly Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalysts: Bi2O3@ TiO2 Derived from Ti-MOFs for Eriochrome Black T Degradation: A Joint Experimental and Computational Study. Catalysts 14 (11), 829 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Khan, M. M. Semiconductors as photocatalysts: visible-light active materials (Chapter 4), Theoretical Concepts of Photocatalysis, Elsevier, 53–75, (2023).

  59. Wei, T. et al. Chao Fan, Wengang Bi, and Chun Sun. Magnetic perovskite nanoparticles for latent fingerprint detection. Nanoscale. 13 (27), 12038–12044 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kanodarwala, F. K., Sébastien Moret, X., Spindler, C., Lennard & Claude Roux. Nanoparticles used for fingermark detection-A comprehensive review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Forensic Sci. 1 (5), 1341 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author, Shashank P., acknowledges RIT for the financial support (Ramaiah doctoral fellowship). The author also thanks the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Material Technology (CAMT), RIT, Bengaluru, and Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), IISc, Bengaluru and Siddaganga Institute of Technology (SIT), Tumakuru, Karnataka, for providing laboratory and characterisation facilities.

Funding

No funding received to carry out this research work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, 560054, Karnataka, India

    Shashank Puttaswamy, Murali Krishna Panchangam & Nagaraju Kottam

  2. Department of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, 591156, Karnataka, India

    K R Pooja

  3. Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, 572103, Karnataka, India

    G. Nagaraju

Authors
  1. Shashank Puttaswamy
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Murali Krishna Panchangam
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nagaraju Kottam
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K R Pooja
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. G. Nagaraju
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Shashank Puttaswamy: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing-Original Draft, Visualization and Formal Analysis. Murali Krishna Panchangam: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing-Review & Editing, Investigation and Supervision, Project administration. Nagaraju Kottam: Resources, Investigation, Data curation and Project administration. Pooja K R: Methodology, Software, Investigation. Nagaraju G: Methodology, Software, Investigation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Murali Krishna Panchangam.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics statement

Latent fingerprint samples used in this study were obtained from the first author for research demonstration purposes only. The samples were used solely to evaluate the visualization capability of the synthesized nanoparticles. No additional human participants were involved in this study. Simarouba glauca leaves used in this study were collected from RBI colony park, No 32, 2nd main road, TPV layout, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka (a reference image has been attached below).

figure a

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Puttaswamy, S., Panchangam, M.K., Kottam, N. et al. Green combustion synthesis of monoclinic Bi₂₆Mo₁₀O₆₉ nanoparticles using simarouba glauca leaves for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Rose Bengal dye. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-44348-0

Download citation

  • Received: 04 December 2025

  • Accepted: 11 March 2026

  • Published: 02 April 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-44348-0

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • Bismuth Molybdate nanoparticles
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • photoluminescence
  • photocatalytic studies
  • Latent fingerprint
Download PDF

Advertisement

Explore content

  • Research articles
  • News & Comment
  • Collections
  • Subjects
  • Follow us on Facebook
  • Follow us on X
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed

About the journal

  • About Scientific Reports
  • Contact
  • Journal policies
  • Guide to referees
  • Calls for Papers
  • Editor's Choice
  • Journal highlights
  • Open Access Fees and Funding

Publish with us

  • For authors
  • Language editing services
  • Open access funding
  • Submit manuscript

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Find a job
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

Scientific Reports (Sci Rep)

ISSN 2045-2322 (online)

nature.com footer links

About Nature Portfolio

  • About us
  • Press releases
  • Press office
  • Contact us

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Articles by subject
  • protocols.io
  • Nature Index

Publishing policies

  • Nature portfolio policies
  • Open access

Author & Researcher services

  • Reprints & permissions
  • Research data
  • Language editing
  • Scientific editing
  • Nature Masterclasses
  • Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

  • Librarian service & tools
  • Librarian portal
  • Open research
  • Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

  • Advertising
  • Partnerships & Services
  • Media kits
  • Branded content

Professional development

  • Nature Awards
  • Nature Careers
  • Nature Conferences

Regional websites

  • Nature Africa
  • Nature China
  • Nature India
  • Nature Japan
  • Nature Middle East
  • Privacy Policy
  • Use of cookies
  • Legal notice
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Your US state privacy rights
Springer Nature

© 2026 Springer Nature Limited

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing