Fig. 7 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 7

From: Adapalene, an RAR agonist, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating macrophage polarization through RAR\(\upbeta\)-mediated signaling pathways

Fig. 7The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

In vivo anti-inflammatory effects of adapalene in LPS-induced septic shock model. Six mice per group were treated with vehicle only or adapalene (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 1 h and then injected with LPS (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Serum and liver samples were collected from each mouse after 6 h. (A, B) TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β protein in serum (A) and mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in liver (B) were determined using EIA and qRT-PCR, respectively. (C) TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, MRC1, Arg1, RARα, RARβ, and RARγ protein levels in liver were determined using western blot. Membranes were cut prior to antibody incubation; all available uncropped images are provided in the Supplementary Information. Original full-length images for certain replicates are unavailable due to loss of original acquisition files. Density analysis is shown in the right panel. (D) Protein levels of p38, p-p38 MAPK, ERK, p-ERK, JNK, p-JNK, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in the liver were determined using western blotting. Density analysis is shown in the lower panel. Results are presented as the means ± S.D. of six mice. Representative images of p-NF-κB staining (E), F4/80 staining (F), H&E staining (H), and Picro-Sirius Red staining (K) of liver tissues were shown. Quantitative analysis of p-NF-κB and F4/80 staining was performed using ImageJ software (G). The survival rate after adapalene administration in LPS-induced sepsis is shown (I). Hepatic mRNA and protein levels of fibrosis markers were determined (J). AD; adapalene, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 vs. control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001 vs. LPS alone.

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