Fig. 2

Map of the study area in the north of Svalbard (a, b), sampled during the Polarstern expedition PS92. Vertical carbon export6, sea ice cover data6, and bottom water measurements57 were extracted from the cruise studies and datasets. The sea ice extent on 15.06.2015 (white line) was based on EUMETSAT’s Global Sea Ice Concentration Reprocessing dataset62. Red arrows indicate the branches of the Atlantic Water current (WSC: West Spitsbergen Current; Sb: Svalbard branch; Yb: Yermak branch; YPb: Yermak Pass branch; rb: recirculating branch), modified after the reference63.