Table 2 Univariate analysis of factors affecting metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease prevalence.

Factor	Category	Number	MASLD (-)	MASLD (+)	χ²	P
Gender	Male	808	732	76	7.209	0.01
	Female	803	756	47
Age	12–14 years	793	736	57	0.443	0.284
	15–17 years	818	752	66
BMI	Overweight and obese	218	129	89	393.837	< 0.001
	Normal weight	1,393	1,359	34
Ethnicity	Han	1,069	972	97	9.329	0.01
	Ethnic minority	542	516	26
Family size	> 3 persons	1,123	1,042	81	4.211	0.755
	≤ 3 persons	488	446	42
Monthly family income	≤ 5 thousand yuan	482	431	51	8.943	0.013
	> 5 thousand yuan	1,129	1,057	72
Parental occupation	Farmer	608	585	23	20.548	< 0.001
	Non-farmer	1,003	903	100
Family history of MASLD	Yes	60	27	33	207.182	< 0.001
	No	1,551	1,461	90
Personality	Introverted	448	404	34	4.207	0.028
	Extroverted	1,163	1,084	79

Factor	Category	Number	MASLD (-)	MASLD (+)	χ²	P
Frequency of exercise per week	> 3 times	1,078	1,001	77	1.119	0.169
	≤ 3 times	533	487	46
Often stay up late	Yes	1,209	1,115	94	0.358	0.899
	No	402	373	29
Often smoke	Yes	83	79	4	1.070	0.528
	No	1,528	1,409	119
Balanced meat and vegetable diet	Yes	1,306	1,216	90	5.411	0.016
	No	305	272	33
Often dine out	Yes	347	286	61	62.016	< 0.001
	No	1,264	1,202	62
Often feel stressed	Yes	845	776	69	0.970	0.753
	No	766	714	54
Often eat hot dogs/grilled skewers	Yes	463	401	62	30.564	< 0.001
	No	1,148	1,086	61
Often eat pork belly/animal organs	Yes	418	381	37	1.481	0.782
	No	1,193	1,107	86
Often consume cola, milk tea, desserts	Yes	812	734	78	9.244	0.021
	No	799	754	45
Often eat seafood/beef/lamb	Yes	596	539	57	5.361	0.147
	No	1,015	949	66
Often eat fresh vegetables and fruits	Yes	1,324	1,246	78	32.144	< 0.001
	No	287	242	45
Dietary taste	Moderate	1,439	1,335	104	3.849	0.121
	Salty	172	153	19

Factor	Category	Number	MASLD (-)	MASLD (+)	χ²	P
Type of drinking water	Tap water	1,434	1,325	109	0.021	0.488
	Bottled water/mineral water	177	163	14
Often have abdominal discomfort/pain	Yes	436	400	36	0.406	0.788
	No	1,175	1,088	87
Long-term abnormal defecation	Yes	391	361	30	0.415	0.851
	No	1,220	1,128	93
Sleep disorders	Yes	433	383	50	12.853	< 0.001
	No	1,178	1,105	73
HP	Positive	379	352	27	16.633	0.056
	Negative	1,232	1,116	96

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