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Integrative study of the rare Incarvillea potaninii (Bignoniaceae) in Mongolia: conservation, comparative plastome, distribution modelling, phylogeny, and taxonomic insights
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  • Published: 24 March 2026

Integrative study of the rare Incarvillea potaninii (Bignoniaceae) in Mongolia: conservation, comparative plastome, distribution modelling, phylogeny, and taxonomic insights

  • Shukherdorj Baasanmunkh1,
  • Zagarjav Tsegmed1,
  • Nudkhuu Nyamgerel1,
  • Dariganga Munkhtulga1,
  • Batlai Oyuntsetseg2,
  • Beom Kyun Park3,
  • Shaotian Chen4,
  • Hang Sun5 &
  • …
  • Hyeok Jae Choi1 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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Subjects

  • Ecology
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Plant sciences

Abstract

Incarvillea Juss. is an herbaceous genus comprising only 16 species of the Bignoniaceae family. Here, we investigated Incarvillea potaninii Batalin in Mongolia, using conservation assessments, distribution modeling, taxonomic treatment, and comparative plastome analysis. Although previously found in Mongolia and China, we confirmed that it currently occurs only in Mongolia. Globally, I. potaninii is considered vulnerable. Its plastome is 154,003 bp long, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 81,790 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 10,037 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 31,088 bp. The genome comprises 111 unique genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes, and the ndhA gene was lost. Compared to typical angiosperm plastomes, Incarvillea shows several large-scale inversions, translocations, accD gene loss in genus, IR expansion, and SSC contraction. The IR region, integrated with one to thirteen genes of the SSC region, showed great variation in size, order, and content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that I. potaninii is closely related to I. sinensis and I. semiretschenskia. We determined the current and future distributions of I. potaninii using MaxEnt. Under current climatic conditions, the potential habitat of I. potaninii spans approximately 19,655.54 km², with highly suitable areas concentrated in southern Mongolia. Although the total suitable habitat area is projected to remain stable, the area of extreme suitability will decline markedly in future. Under the SSP126 scenario, extreme suitability areas may decrease by 67.83% by 2070. Key predictors of distribution include temperature seasonality, precipitation during the driest quarter, and soil pH. We provide descriptions, taxonomic notes, and distribution of I. potaninii.

Data availability

The palstome of Incarvillea potaninii generated in this study was submitted to the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) with GenBank accession number PV879616.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. RS-2022-NR068406), the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 2023R1A6C101B022), the ‘Foundational and Protective Field of Studies Support Project’ at Changwon National University in 2025, and the Korea National Arboretum (Grant No. KNA1- 2-42, 22-2).

Funding

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Changwon National University, Republic of Korea.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Microbiology, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea

    Shukherdorj Baasanmunkh, Zagarjav Tsegmed, Nudkhuu Nyamgerel, Dariganga Munkhtulga & Hyeok Jae Choi

  2. Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia

    Batlai Oyuntsetseg

  3. DMZ Botanic Garden, Korea National Arboretum, Yanggu, 24564, Republic of Korea

    Beom Kyun Park

  4. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China

    Shaotian Chen

  5. Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China

    Hang Sun

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Contributions

SB contributed to the experimental design. SB, ZZ, and NN analyzed the data. SB, ZZ, and NN drafted the manuscript. SB, SC, HS, BO, DM, BKP and HJC interpreted the data and revised the manuscript. HJC supervised this study. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hyeok Jae Choi.

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Baasanmunkh, S., Tsegmed, Z., Nyamgerel, N. et al. Integrative study of the rare Incarvillea potaninii (Bignoniaceae) in Mongolia: conservation, comparative plastome, distribution modelling, phylogeny, and taxonomic insights. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45263-0

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  • Received: 25 August 2025

  • Accepted: 17 March 2026

  • Published: 24 March 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45263-0

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Keywords

  • Complete chloroplast genome
  • IUCN
  • Incarvillea
  • Threatened species
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