Table 6 Summary of Other VD studies.

Rats

Injecting fresh autologous blood into the cisterna magna, with the animal in a head-down position

rDPSCs-CM

Intrathecal injection

20 µl CM

1. Alleviated neuroinflammation;

2. Improved microcirculation;

3. Improved functional outcomes (1/1)

Rotarod test

Rats

Inserting monofilament nylon suture into the stretched external carotid artery and advancing it to the bifurcation of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

hDPSCs-exosomes

Gradual caudal vein administration

100 µg exosomes

1. Mitigated neurological deficits and brain water content following EBI Post-SAH;

2. Inhibited microglial activation and pro- inflammatory cytokine expression 24 h post-SAH;

3. Inhibited microglial cell pyroptosis

Rats

Bilateral common carotid arteries were ligated with a surgical suture

hDPSCs

Tail veins injection

2*10⁷ cells

1. Migrated into the brain;

2. Increased neural marker expression;

3. Improved functional outcomes (1/1)

Eight-arm maze test

Mice

Feeding a high-fat diet

hGMSCs

Intravenous injection

2*10⁶ cells

1. Reduced the frequency of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages;

2. Decreased the plaque size and lipid deposition

Mice

Feeding a high-fat diet

hDPSCs

Intravenous injection

1*10⁶ cells

1. Alleviated atherosclerotic lesions;

2. Reduced the percentages of monocytes and neutrophils and regulates macrophage polarization;

3. Reduced inflammation in local aortic tissues

Dogs

Dogs with heart murmurs of moderate and high intensity and atrioventricular valve regurgitation at stage C of heart failure according to ACVIM classification system were recruited to this study

Puppy deciduous teeth stem cells (pOMSCs)

Intravenous injection

1*10⁶

1. Improved functional outcomes (3/3)

(1) Left ventricular ejection fraction; (2) ACVIM functional class; (3) Quality of life scores