Table 1 Comparison of the proposed tri-level optimization framework for ev integrated distribution systems with existing approaches.

From: Investigating the impact of electric vehicles on increasing the reliability of the distribution system using the enhanced gray wolf evolutionary algorithm model

Ref	Method/Model	Functionalities	Considerations	EV Integration	Reliability	Economic Analysis	Contingency Analysis	Charging Station Sizing
Our Paper	Tri-level Optimization for EV Integrated Distribution Systems	Coordinated planning and operation for EV systems, V2G scheduling, reliability, and operational feasibility	Stochastic load scenarios, N-1 contingencies, V2G participation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
¹	Review on EV Impact	General impacts on reliability, no optimization	No algorithm optimization	Yes	No	No	No	No
²	Limited Info Impact	Estimation of EV loading	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
³	Data-driven Evaluation	Probabilistic evaluation of EV integration	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
⁴	PSR Index & Hyena Optimizer	Impact of EV stations with distributed generation	No V2G scheduling	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
⁵	Battery Reliability Review	Battery pack reliability for EVs	No network optimization	No	No	No	No	No
⁶	Dynamic Thermal Line Rating	Impact of EVs on wind power networks	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
⁷	Charging Impact Assessment	EV charging impact on distribution	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
⁸	Techno-economic Analysis	EV-to-grid integration, reliability	Hybrid optimization method	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
⁹	Battery Prognosis for EVs	Battery health & degradation for EVs	No network optimization	No	No	No	No	No
¹⁰	PV & EV Charging Impact	Impact of PV and fast EV chargers	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
¹¹	Heat Pump Performance	EV charging system performance under low temps	No network optimization	No	No	No	No	No
¹²	Power Supply Restoration	EV impact on power restoration post-disaster	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
¹³	Grid Integration Impact	EV grid integration with remedial measures	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
¹⁴	Wind & EV Reliability	EV & wind turbine integration for reliability	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
¹⁵	Probabilistic Mitigation	EV impact on power systems, probabilistic method	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
¹⁶	Hybrid Optimization Method	EVs and renewable integration with hybrid optimizer	No V2G scheduling	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
¹⁷	Network Performance	EV integration performance	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
¹⁸	Cost-effective Optimization	EV, renewable, and storage systems	Economic & reliability analysis	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
¹⁹	Deep Learning Approach	Forecasting EV charging with Bayesian networks	No optimization	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
²⁰	MV Network Impact	EV chargers on medium voltage grid	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
²¹	Dynamic Wireless Charging	Impact of dynamic wireless charging	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
²²	Power Quality Integration	Review of EV impact on power quality	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
²³	GHG Emissions Analysis	EV impact on GHG emissions	No optimization	Yes	No	No	No	No
²⁴	Non-Intrusive Demand Response	Mitigation strategies for EV charging impacts	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
²⁵	EV Charging Expansion	Robust expansion planning	No optimization	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
²⁶	Charging Piles & Swapping Stations	Integrated planning of charging and swapping stations	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
²⁷	Stochastic PV & EV Impact	Reliability analysis of PV and EV load	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
²⁸	EV Aggregators	Bidding strategy for EV aggregation	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
²⁹	EV Charging Network	Optimal planning of charging stations	No V2G scheduling	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
³⁰	Safe Deep RL for EVs	Data-efficient bi-level deep RL method	No optimization	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
³¹	Distributed Coordination	Charge/discharge coordination in unbalanced grids	No V2G scheduling	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
³²	ML-Based Control	ML-based control of EV charging	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
³³	Communication-Less Strategy	Charge coordination for islanded microgrids	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
³⁴	Energy & Computation Management	Joint management of EV energy and computation	No optimization	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
³⁵	Optimal Allocation	Optimal allocation of EV charging stations and capacitors	No V2G scheduling	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes

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Table 1 Comparison of the proposed tri-level optimization framework for ev integrated distribution systems with existing approaches.

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