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Integrating fuzzy AHP and geo-spatial modeling for wind farm suitability assessment in Kuwait
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  • Published: 03 April 2026

Integrating fuzzy AHP and geo-spatial modeling for wind farm suitability assessment in Kuwait

  • Mohamed A. Atalla  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6708-24081,2,
  • Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-129X3,
  • Elsayed A. Badawy Ataalla4,5,
  • Ali Shebl  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-285X6,7,
  • Árpád Csámer7,8 &
  • …
  • Wael M. Al-Metwaly  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-927X9 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Energy science and technology
  • Engineering
  • Environmental sciences
  • Environmental social sciences

Abstract

In response to global energy depletion, this study addresses the critical challenge of selecting optimal wind farm sites in Kuwait, a key pillar of the “New Kuwait” 2035 vision for 15% renewable energy integration. A robust, hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework was developed, integrating Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) with Entropy-based objective weighting and Type-2 Fuzzy logic within a GIS environment. This approach effectively mitigates expert subjectivity and manages the high “Footprint of Uncertainty” inherent in complex desert environments. Twenty-six technical, environmental, and socioeconomic criteria—including wind power density, proximity to the national grid, and oil field restrictions—were analyzed at a modern utility-scale hub height of 100 m. The spatial results identified approximately 1444 km² (8.6%) of Kuwait’s territory as ' Highly Suitable’ for wind development, primarily concentrated in the western (Al-Jahra) and northern (Al-Abali) corridors. Validation against existing Shagaya Renewable Energy Park and Global Wind Atlas data confirmed a strong spatial correlation (R2 = 0.84). The identified zones represent a potential generation capacity of 2500 MW, providing a data-driven roadmap for national energy planners to meet sustainability targets while minimizing land-use conflicts with oil production and urban expansion.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

MCDM:

Multi-criteria decision making

FAHP:

Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

SDG 7:

Sustainable Development goal 7 (affordable and clean energy)

GIS:

Geographic Information Systems

TOPSIS:

Technique for order of preference similarity to ideal solution

Fuzzy TOPSIS:

Fuzzy extension of TOPSIS

DEA:

Data envelopment analysis

WASPAS:

Weighted aggregated sum-product assessment

SWARA:

Stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis

MCE:

Multi criteria evaluation

KISR:

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

MEW:

Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water

NPC:

Kuwait National Petroleum Company

IDW:

Inverse distance weighting

LULC:

Land use and land cover

OSM:

OpenStreetMap

SRTM-DEM:

Shuttle radar topography mission-digital elevation model

MCA:

Multi-criteria analysis

EPA:

Kuwait Environment Public Authority

WMCA:

Weighted multi-criteria analysis

RS:

Remote sensing

TIT2-FAHP:

Trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy analytical hierarchy process

CR:

Consistency ratio

WPD:

Wind power density

GCC:

Gulf Cooperation Council

GWA:

Global Wind Atlas

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Acknowledgements

The authors express sincere gratitude for the comprehensive reviews provided by Dr. Ahmed El-Kenawy (Mansoura University, Egypt), Dr. Samir Z. Kamh (Tanta University, Egypt), and Dr. Ahmed El-Kasaby (Matrouh University, Egypt). Their insightful comments have greatly enhanced the quality of this paper. Special thanks to the European Space Agency (ESA) for providing Sentinel 2 data. Additionally, this research was funded by NKFI K138079.

Funding

Open access funding provided by University of Debrecen. No external funding was received for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Studies, General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP), Ministries District, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, 85863, Egypt

    Mohamed A. Atalla

  2. Department of GIS and Environment, Enshaat Al-Sayer General Trading and Contracting Company, Floors 14 & 19, Panasonic Tower, Safat, P.O. Box 126, Kuwait City, 13002, Kuwait

    Mohamed A. Atalla

  3. Petroleum and Mining Engineering Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq

    Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi

  4. Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt

    Elsayed A. Badawy Ataalla

  5. Construction Department, Lamsat Al Zahra Building Contracting L.L.C, Office No. 124-103, Al Murar, Deira, Plot No. 117-678, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Elsayed A. Badawy Ataalla

  6. Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt

    Ali Shebl

  7. Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary

    Ali Shebl & Árpád Csámer

  8. Cosmochemistry and Cosmic Methods Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary

    Árpád Csámer

  9. Department of Geography and GIS, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt

    Wael M. Al-Metwaly

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Contributions

Mohamed A. Atalla : Writing—original draft, Writing—review, Editing, Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data collection and analysis, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, & Conceptualization. Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi : Writing—review & Editing. Elsayed A. Badawy At-allah : Linguistic review & Editing. Ali Shebl : Writing—review, Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Visualization, & Conceptualization. Árpád Csámer: writing —review, linguistic review, and editing. Wael M. AlMetwaly : Writing—review, Editing, Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data collection and analysis, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, & Conceptualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mohamed A. Atalla or Árpád Csámer.

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Atalla, M.A., Al-Quraishi, A.M.F., Ataalla, E.A.B. et al. Integrating fuzzy AHP and geo-spatial modeling for wind farm suitability assessment in Kuwait. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46695-4

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  • Received: 16 July 2025

  • Accepted: 27 March 2026

  • Published: 03 April 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46695-4

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Keywords

  • Wind farm sitting
  • Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
  • GIS
  • Fuzzy AHP
  • Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)
  • Geo-spatial modeling
  • Kuwait
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