Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

Advertisement

Scientific Reports
  • View all journals
  • Search
  • My Account Login
  • Content Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed
  1. nature
  2. scientific reports
  3. articles
  4. article
Key soil fertility determinants influencing rice yield in Malaysian paddy soils
Download PDF
Download PDF
  • Article
  • Open access
  • Published: 02 April 2026

Key soil fertility determinants influencing rice yield in Malaysian paddy soils

  • Nor Monica Ahmad1,
  • Nor’Aishah Hasan2,
  • Nor Farah Nadirah Ahmad Noruddin2,
  • Muhammad Nabil Haqiem Hisham2,
  • Amirul Adli Abd Aziz2,
  • Siti Noor Dina Ahmad3,
  • Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsuddin4,
  • Sobri Hussein5,
  • Mustakizah Binti Mansor6,
  • Mohd Rafii Yusop7 &
  • …
  • Abdul Rahim Harun7 

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Ecology
  • Environmental sciences
  • Plant sciences

Abstract

Soil fertility plays a crucial role in ensuring both the quality and quantity of agricultural crop production. However, determining the optimal parameters for regulating rice growth to enhance yield remains challenging, as the correlation between soil factors and rice yield has not been quantitatively assessed. The present work will examine the relationship between soil fertility and rice yield in Malaysia. A Pearson correlation matrix heatmap was employed to quantitatively evaluate the relationships between soil chemical properties and rice yield of two paddy seed varieties, UiTM 1 and UiTM 5, cultivated across three regions in Perak, Kedah, and Johor. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilised to elucidate the multivariate structure of soil fertility data and identify the dominant factors influencing yield variance. The results revealed that soil pH exhibited a stronger positive correlation with the yield of UiTM 5 (r = 0.66, p < 0.01) compared to UiTM 1 (r = 0.45, p > 0.05). In contrast, aluminium showed a stronger negative correlation with UiTM 5 (r = − 0.87, p < 0.01) than with UiTM 1 (r = − 0.78, p < 0.01), indicating a greater risk of aluminium toxicity in UiTM 5. The PCA identified two main components accounting for 78.2% of the total variance, suggesting that rice yield is strongly associated by the Soil Acidity and Cation Status Factor (PC2) rather than nitrogenous organic fertility alone. Among the five paddy fields studied, location A9 recorded the highest rice yields, with 9.29 mt/ha for UiTM 1 and 9.11 mt/ha for UiTM 5, which aligned with the optimal vector space for pH and cation exchange capacity in the PCA biplot. This superior performance may be attributed to the soil fertility at A9, which falls within the optimal critical range for rice cultivation. The integration of correlation and multivariate analyses demonstrates that managing soil acidity and aluminium toxicity is a critical consideration for optimising productivity. Understanding these relationships provides valuable insights for improving soil management practices and enhancing rice production sustainability in Malaysia.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. United Nations. Goal 2: Zero Hunger. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ (2025).

  2. UNHCR. Acute food insecurity and malnutrition rise for sixth consecutive year in world’s most fragile regions. https://www.unhcr.org/news/announcements/acute-food-insecurity-and-malnutrition-rise-sixth-consecutive-year-world-s-most (2024).

  3. Ngo, H. T. T. et al. Toxic metals in rice among Asian countries: A review of occurrence and potential human health risks. Food Chem. 460, 140479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140479 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Proshad, R. et al. Potential health risk of heavy metals via consumption of rice and vegetables grown in the industrial areas of Bangladesh. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 26, 921–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1546114 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sharafi, K. et al. A systematic literature review for some toxic metals in widely consumed rice types (domestic and imported) in Iran: Human health risk assessment, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 176, 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.072 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bandumula, N. Rice production in Asia: Key to global food security. Proceed. Nat. Acad. Sci., India Sect. B: Biol. Sci. 88, 1323–1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0867-7 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Yuan, S. et al. Southeast Asia must narrow down the yield gap to continue to be a major rice bowl. Nat. Food 3, 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00477-z (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pede, V. O. et al. Future of rice in Asia: Perspectives and opportunities, 2050. In Food Security Issues in Asia, 108–138 (World Scientific, 2024).

  9. Wang, X. et al. Maize straw application shows regional-scale improvements to soil fertility and crop yields in Chinese croplands: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Res. 333, 109908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109908 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Adhikari, C. et al. On-farm soil nitrogen supply and nitrogen nutrition in the rice–wheat system of Nepal and Bangladesh. Field Crops Res. 64, 273–286 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ladha, J. K. et al. How extensive are yield declines in long-term rice–wheat experiments in Asia?. Field Crops Res. 81, 159–180 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rawal, N. et al. Crop yield and soil fertility status of long-term rice–rice–wheat cropping systems. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. 5, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i1.17001 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wander, M. M. & Drinkwater, L. E. Fostering soil stewardship through soil quality assessment. Appl. Soil Ecol. 15, 61–73 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Abdul Rahim, F. H. et al. Supply and demand of rice in Malaysia: A system dynamics approach. Int. J. Supply Chain Manag. 6, 234–240 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Muon, R. et al. Termite constructions as patches of soil fertility in Cambodian paddy fields. Geoderma Reg. 33, e00640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00640 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Iqbal, A. et al. Integrating low levels of organic fertilizer improves soil fertility and rice yields in paddy fields by influencing microbial communities without increasing CH₄ emissions. Appl. Soil Ecol. 189, 104951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104951 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Oechaiyaphum, K. et al. Impact of long-term agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon and soil fertility of paddy fields in Northeastern Thailand. Geoderma Reg. 22, e00307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2020.e00307 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Zheng, G. et al. Evolution of paddy soil fertility in a millennium chronosequence based on imaging spectroscopy. Geoderma 429, 116258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116258 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Chen, J. et al. Relative contributions of abiotic properties, soil microbes, and management practices to soil health in intensively managed rice paddies. Appl. Soil Ecol. 212, 106223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106223 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sahoo, S. et al. Advanced prediction of rice yield gaps under climate uncertainty using machine learning techniques in Eastern India. J. Agric. Food Res. 18, 101424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101424 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Malaysian Meteorological Department. Malaysia’s climate. https://www.met.gov.my/en/pendidikan/iklim-malaysia/ (2026).

  22. Abdul Talib, S. A. et al. Irregularity and time series trend analysis of rainfall in Johor, Malaysia. Heliyon 10, e30324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30324 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Weather and Climate. Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia climate. https://weatherandclimate.com/malaysia/perak/teluk-intan (2025).

  24. Weather and Climate. Parit Buntar, Perak, Malaysia climate. https://weatherandclimate.com/malaysia/perak/parit-buntar (2026).

  25. Weather and Climate. Ayer Hitam, Kedah, Malaysia climate. https://weatherandclimate.com/malaysia/kedah/ayer-hitam (2026).

  26. Weather and Climate. Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia climate. https://weatherandclimate.com/malaysia/johor/batu-pahat (2026).

  27. Weather and Climate. Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia climate. https://weatherandclimate.com/malaysia/kedah/alor-setar (2026).

  28. Luo, C. et al. Mapping the soil organic matter content in Northeast China considering the difference between dry lands and paddy fields. Soil Tillage Res. 244, 106270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2024.106270 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Tenedero, R. A. & Surtida, M. B. Soil sampling and preparation for laboratory analysis. Aquaculture Department (1986).

  30. Campos, M. M. & Campos, C. R. Applications of quartering method in soils and foods. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 7, 35–39. https://doi.org/10.9790/9622-0701023539 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Analytical technique for soil testing. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_soil_sampling.html. (2013).

  32. Mayakaduwage, S., Mosley, L. M. & Marschner, P. Phosphorus pools in acid sulfate soil are influenced by pH, water content, and addition of organic matter. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 21, 1066–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00422-2 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pradhan, A. K. et al. Concurrent effect of aluminum toxicity and phosphorus deficiency in the root growth of aluminum tolerant and sensitive rice cultivars. Acta Physiol. Plant. 45, 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-022-03509-0 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hsu, P. H. Precipitation of phosphate from solution using aluminum salt. Water Res. 9, 1155–1161 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chong, I. Q. et al. Improving selected chemical properties of a paddy soil in Sabah amended with calcium silicate: A laboratory incubation study. Sustainability 14, 13214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013214 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Dobermann, A. & Fairhurst, T. Rice: Nutrient disorders & nutrient management (Potash & Phosphate Institute; IRRI, 2000).

  37. Kim, Y. N. et al. Co-responses of soil organic carbon pool and biogeochemistry to different long-term fertilization practices in paddy fields. Plants 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233195 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang, L. et al. Nitrogen and organic matter managements improve rice yield and affect greenhouse gas emissions in China’s rice–wheat system. Field Crops Res. 326, 109838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109838 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Liu, Y. et al. Efficiency-enhancing methods for predicting nitrogen mineralization characteristics in paddy soils using soil properties and rapid soil extraction. Pedosphere https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedsph.2024.10.001 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hirzel, J. et al. Soil potentially mineralizable nitrogen and its relation to rice production and nitrogen needs in two paddy rice soils of Chile. J. Plant Nutr. 35, 396–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.639920 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Begum, F., Bajracharya, R. M. & Sharma, S. Land use effects on soil quality indicators in the mid-hills of central Nepal. In International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Environmental Science and Engineering, 488–495 (2009).

  42. Supriyadi, S. et al. The assessment of soil quality at paddy fields in Merauke, Indonesia. J. Degrad. Min. Lands Manag. 4, 915–921 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Choi, N. G., Park, J. H. & Kang, S. S. Analysis of paddy soil chemical properties and rice quality in central area (Sejong) in Korea. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fertil. 51, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2018.51.1.061 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Azura, A. E., Shamshuddin, J. & Fauziah, C. I. Root elongation, root surface area and organic acid by rice seedling under Al3⁺ and/or H⁺ stress. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 6, 324–331 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Delgoda, K. H. B. H. et al. Variability of pH and EC of selected rice cultivated soils of Sri Lanka. Trop. Agric. Res. 34, 379–394. https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v34i4.8676 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mandal, A. K., Yadav, P. K. & Dhakal, K. H. Comparative study of evaluation of soil fertility status in rice zone, Morang. Trop. Agroecosys. 2, 12–25. https://doi.org/10.26480/taec.01.2021.12.25 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Abdul Halim, N. S. et al. Influence of soil amendments on the growth and yield of rice in acidic soil. Agronomy 8, 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8090165 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Nishigaki, T. et al. Deciphering the impact of active aluminum and iron on soil organic carbon stabilization in volcanic and non-volcanic paddy soils of the central highlands of Madagascar. Environ. Res. 284, 122277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122277 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Yanai, J. et al. Changes in paddy soil fertility in Thailand due to the Green Revolution during the last 50 years. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 66, 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2020.1814115 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Islamzade, T. et al. Soil fertility status, productivity challenges, and solutions in rice farming landscapes of Azerbaijan. Eur. J. Soil Sci. (EJSS) 13, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1399553 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Prakongkep, N. et al. The geochemistry of Thai paddy soils. Geoderma 144, 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.025 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Nguyen, T. P., Ruppert, H., Pasold, T. & Sauer, B. Paddy soil geochemistry, uptake of trace elements by rice grains (Oryza sativa) and resulting health risks in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Environ. Geochem. Health 42, 2377–2397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00456-7 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Huang, L. et al. Interactive effects of pH, EC and nitrogen on yields and nutrient absorption of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agric. Water Manag. 194, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.012 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Liu, B. et al. Quantitative evaluation and mechanism analysis of soil chemical factors affecting rice yield in saline-sodic paddy fields. Sci. Total Environ. 929, 172584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172584 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Panhwar, Q. et al. Eliminating aluminum toxicity in an acid sulfate soil for rice cultivation using plant growth promoting bacteria. Molecules 20, 3628–3646. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20033628 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Marschner, H. Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soil. Plant Soil 134, 1–20 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Chang, S. et al. Different aluminum tolerance among Indica, Japonica and hybrid rice varieties. Rice Sci. 22, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.016 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ma, J. F. Syndrome of aluminum toxicity and diversity of aluminum resistance in higher plants. In International Review of Cytology, 225–252 (2007).

  59. Singh, S. et al. Toxicity of aluminium on various levels of plant cells and organism: A review. Environ. Exp. Bot. 137, 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.01.005 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang, N. et al. Soil pH filters the association patterns of aluminum-tolerant microorganisms in rice paddies. Sci. Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.01022-21 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Varghese, E. M. et al. Rice in acid sulphate soils: Role of microbial interactions in crop and soil health management. Appl. Soil Ecol. 196, 105309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105309 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Azman, E. A., Shamshuddin, J., Ishak, C. F. & Ismail, R. Increasing rice production using different lime sources on an acid sulphate soil in Merbok, Malaysia. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 37, 223–247 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mustafa, A. A. et al. Modeling of soil cation exchange capacity based on chemometrics, various spectral transformations, and multivariate approaches in some soils of arid zones. Sustainability 16, 7002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167002 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gondar, D. et al. Characterization and acid–base properties of fulvic and humic acids isolated from two horizons of an ombrotrophic peat bog. Geoderma 126, 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.10.006 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ramos, F. T. et al. Soil organic matter doubles the cation exchange capacity of tropical soil under no-till farming in Brazil. J. Sci. Food Agric. 98, 3595–3602. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8881 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Ngiruwonsanga, I., Maniragaba, A. & Muhirwa, F. The cation exchange capacity and pH of soil in Mwogo marshland and rice plantation in Huye District. Rwanda. Rwanda J. Agric. Sci. 5(2), 1–5 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are extended to the farmers across the paddy fields involved, Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for their invaluable cooperation, contributions, and continuous support throughout this research.

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia, under the Strategic Research Fund-MOSTI [Project File No.: 600-RMC/MOSTI-SRF/5/3 (001/2024)].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Malaysia

    Nor Monica Ahmad

  2. School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Malaysia

    Nor’Aishah Hasan, Nor Farah Nadirah Ahmad Noruddin, Muhammad Nabil Haqiem Hisham & Amirul Adli Abd Aziz

  3. Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Malaysia

    Siti Noor Dina Ahmad

  4. Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsuddin

  5. Agrotechnology and Biosciences Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000, Bangi, Kajang , Selangor, Malaysia

    Sobri Hussein

  6. Crop Industry Development Division, Sendayan Agricultural Centre, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

    Mustakizah Binti Mansor

  7. Pertama Padi (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, Lot 2973, Batu 8 3/4, Jalan Datuk Kumbar, Kampung Padang, Mukim Tajar, 06500, Langgar, Kedah, Malaysia

    Mohd Rafii Yusop & Abdul Rahim Harun

Authors
  1. Nor Monica Ahmad
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nor’Aishah Hasan
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nor Farah Nadirah Ahmad Noruddin
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Nabil Haqiem Hisham
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amirul Adli Abd Aziz
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Siti Noor Dina Ahmad
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsuddin
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sobri Hussein
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mustakizah Binti Mansor
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Mohd Rafii Yusop
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Abdul Rahim Harun
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Normonica Ahmad and Noraishah Hasan, draft the manusript and All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nor’Aishah Hasan.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Use of artificial intelligence (AI)

The authors used AI-based tools (Gemini and ChatGPT) to assist in language refinement, rephrasing, and drafting support. All scientific content, interpretations, and conclusions were critically reviewed and validated by the authors. The authors take full responsibility for the accuracy, originality, and integrity of the manuscript.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmad, N.M., Hasan, N., Ahmad Noruddin, N.F.N. et al. Key soil fertility determinants influencing rice yield in Malaysian paddy soils. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46892-1

Download citation

  • Received: 12 November 2025

  • Accepted: 27 March 2026

  • Published: 02 April 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-46892-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • Soil fertility
  • Rice
  • Rice productivity
  • Paddy field
Download PDF

Advertisement

Explore content

  • Research articles
  • News & Comment
  • Collections
  • Subjects
  • Follow us on Facebook
  • Follow us on X
  • Sign up for alerts
  • RSS feed

About the journal

  • About Scientific Reports
  • Contact
  • Journal policies
  • Guide to referees
  • Calls for Papers
  • Editor's Choice
  • Journal highlights
  • Open Access Fees and Funding

Publish with us

  • For authors
  • Language editing services
  • Open access funding
  • Submit manuscript

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Find a job
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

Scientific Reports (Sci Rep)

ISSN 2045-2322 (online)

nature.com footer links

About Nature Portfolio

  • About us
  • Press releases
  • Press office
  • Contact us

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Articles by subject
  • protocols.io
  • Nature Index

Publishing policies

  • Nature portfolio policies
  • Open access

Author & Researcher services

  • Reprints & permissions
  • Research data
  • Language editing
  • Scientific editing
  • Nature Masterclasses
  • Research Solutions

Libraries & institutions

  • Librarian service & tools
  • Librarian portal
  • Open research
  • Recommend to library

Advertising & partnerships

  • Advertising
  • Partnerships & Services
  • Media kits
  • Branded content

Professional development

  • Nature Awards
  • Nature Careers
  • Nature Conferences

Regional websites

  • Nature Africa
  • Nature China
  • Nature India
  • Nature Japan
  • Nature Middle East
  • Privacy Policy
  • Use of cookies
  • Legal notice
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Your US state privacy rights
Springer Nature

© 2026 Springer Nature Limited

Nature Briefing Anthropocene

Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research, free to your inbox weekly.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing: Anthropocene