Scientific Reports

Table 10 Training and test statistics of the models for EPAN prediction—Station 2 (Model 3) LSTM-HHO.

From: Metaheuristic-enhanced deep learning for monthly pan evaporation prediction under limited climatic data

Model inputs	Training period				Test period
Model inputs	RMSE	MAE	R²	NSE	RMSE	MAE	R²	NSE
M1
Tmin, Tmax	0.8083	0.6173	0.8993	0.8934	0.8453	0.6382	0.8752	0.8613
Tmin, Ra	0.8536	0.6608	0.8496	0.8482	0.9358	0.6658	0.8473	0.8428
Tmax, Ra	0.8364	0.7056	0.8604	0.8568	0.8867	0.7303	0.8542	0.8512
Tmin, Tmax, Ra	0.7608	0.5804	0.8712	0.8695	0.8326^*	0.5956	0.8979	0.8936
Tmin, Tmax, Ra, α	0.8202	0.6852	0.8255	0.8234	0.8543	0.6957	0.8204	0.8173
M2
Tmin, Tmax	0.6716	0.5203	0.9028	0.9006	0.7304	0.5564	0.8834	0.8816
Tmin, Ra	0.8572	0.6704	0.8526	0.8492	0.7356	0.5856	0.8806	0.8793
Tmax, Ra	0.6906	0.5407	0.9021	0.8993	0.8208	0.6452	0.8542	0.8508
Tmin, Tmax, Ra	0.7864	0.6106	0.8968	0.8928	0.8473	0.6737	0.8753	0.8713
Tmin, Tmax, Ra, α	0.6528	0.4938	0.9138	0.9124	0.6824	0.5382	0.9045	0.8998
M3
Tmin, Tmax	0.6843	0.4929	0.8983	0.8972	0.7808	0.6226	0.8893	0.8852
Tmin, Ra	0.7608	0.6013	0.8758	0.8718	0.8679	0.6468	0.8404	0.8378
Tmax, Ra	0.7293	0.5658	0.8862	0.8834	0.8004	0.6193	0.8781	0.8726
Tmin, Tmax, Ra	0.7116	0.5336	0.8954	0.8893	0.9193	0.7247	0.8596	0.8558
Tmin, Tmax, Ra, α	0.7858	0.6057	0.8667	0.8639	0.8186	0.6652	0.8515	0.8502

^*Bold numbers indicates the best value (minimum RMSE or MAE and maximum R² or NSE).

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