Retraction of: Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32847-5, published online 19 December 2025

The Editors have retracted this Article.

After publication, concerns were raised regarding the authorship and dataset used in the study. Specifically:

• The Article does not report essential details of the dataset;

• The core training dataset appears too small for the modelling used. No explanation is provided on how this risk of overfitting was controlled or accounted for;

• The Article lacks information on pre-processing steps, including formulas, transformations, and handling of missing data or outliers;

• The model validation is not described in sufficient detail to allow for its evaluation: no confidence intervals are reported, no baseline models are included, no ablation study is presented, and several error metrics are undefined.

Despite requests from the Editors, the Authors did not provide the underlying data or code to address the methodological concerns. They were also not able to provide convincing explanations to address authorship concerns. The Editors have therefore lost confidence in the content of this Article.

None of the Authors responded to the correspondence from the Editors about this retraction.