Table 5 Direct comparison results.
From: Do workers benefit from economic upgrading in the Pearl River Delta, China?
Variables | Wage | Medical insurance | Pension Insurance | Voice | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 (yuan) | 2014 (yuan) | Change (yuan) | p-value | 2012 (%) | 2014 (%) | Change (%) | p-value | 2012 (%) | 2014 (%) | Change (%) | p-value | 2012 | 2014 | Change | p-value | |
Gender | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 34,814.22 | 41,781.42 | 6967.20 | 0.000*** | 41.77 | 45.40 | 3.63 | 0.112 | 35.65 | 40.72 | 5.07 | 0.042** | 3.41 | 3.45 | 0.04 | 0.207 |
Female | 22,949.74 | 29,601.25 | 6651.51 | 0.000*** | 34.50 | 46.42 | 11.92 | 0.000*** | 32.88 | 45.14 | 12.25 | 0.000*** | 3.35 | 3.47 | 0.12 | 0.015** |
Age | ||||||||||||||||
15–29 | 29,265.96 | 34,602.82 | 5336.86 | 0.000*** | 42.16 | 47.30 | 5.14 | 0.091* | 33.66 | 38.38 | 4.72 | 0.102 | 3.34 | 3.53 | 0.19 | 0.164 |
30–39 | 33,218.98 | 40,345.73 | 7126.75 | 0.002*** | 41.44 | 51.45 | 10.01 | 0.011** | 45.05 | 49.20 | 4.15 | 0.172 | 3.36 | 3.45 | 0.09 | 0.523 |
40–49 | 30,056.41 | 34,770.13 | 4713.72 | 0.057* | 34.33 | 46.69 | 12.36 | 0.003*** | 30.35 | 44.16 | 13.82 | 0.001*** | 3.32 | 3.40 | 0.07 | 0.002*** |
50–55 | 25,396.67 | 34,550.39 | 9153.72 | 0.119 | 40.32 | 32.74 | −7.58 | 0.158 | 29.03 | 38.94 | 9.91 | 0.095* | 3.67 | 3.44 | −0.23 | 0.164 |
56–65 | 20,772.08 | 30,339.23 | 9567.15 | 0.034** | 22.00 | 25.37 | 3.37 | 0.336 | 18.00 | 29.85 | 11.85 | 0.071* | 3.69 | 3.37 | −0.33 | 0.523 |
Education | ||||||||||||||||
Primary school or below | 20,403.21 | 24,180.33 | 3777.12 | 0.046** | 9.64 | 16.20 | 6.56 | 0.029** | 8.12 | 18.44 | 10.31 | 0.002*** | 3.20 | 3.30 | 0.10 | 0.164 |
Secondary school | 28,244.90 | 32,530.07 | 4285.17 | 0.000*** | 41.26 | 43.30 | 2.04 | 0.237 | 38.21 | 38.88 | 0.67 | 0.406 | 3.42 | 3.42 | 0.00 | 0.523 |
College or above | 46,159.86 | 56,192.14 | 10,032.28 | 0.022** | 66.67 | 73.85 | 7.18 | 0.059** | 55.77 | 70.77 | 15.00 | 0.001*** | 3.46 | 3.67 | 0.21 | 0.002*** |
Ownership of enterprises | ||||||||||||||||
State-owned/collective enterprise | 39,932.55 | 47,279.35 | 7346.80 | 0.036*** | 60.00 | 67.46 | 7.46 | 0.045** | 52.89 | 64.68 | 11.79 | 0.004*** | 3.50 | 3.48 | −0.02 | 0.604 |
Private enterprise | 25,892.84 | 33,001.39 | 7108.55 | 0.000*** | 31.23 | 40.09 | 8.86 | 0.003*** | 25.75 | 36.69 | 10.93 | 0.000*** | 3.28 | 3.45 | 0.17 | 0.002*** |
Joint venture/foreign enterprise | 32,874.76 | 41,757.84 | 8883.08 | 0.003*** | 60.95 | 69.80 | 8.85 | 0.071* | 67.62 | 66.44 | −1.18 | 0.422 | 3.38 | 3.31 | −0.07 | 0.738 |
Individual-owned enterprise | 21,445.85 | 27,338.79 | 5892.94 | 0.016** | 8.82 | 13.04 | 4.22 | 0.124 | 5.15 | 10.56 | 5.41 | 0.044** | 3.47 | 3.61 | 0.14 | 0.094 |
Industry | ||||||||||||||||
Secondary industry | 26,616.31 | 32,015.38 | 5399.07 | 0.000*** | 32.22 | 41.20 | 8.98 | 0.002*** | 31.96 | 35.86 | 3.91 | 0.102 | 3.29 | 3.35 | 0.06 | 0.138 |
Low-end service | 30,231.36 | 36,842.83 | 6611.47 | 0.014** | 37.00 | 46.43 | 9.42 | 0.013** | 34.8 | 42.26 | 7.46 | 0.038** | 3.40 | 3.55 | 0.15 | 0.028** |
High-end service | 35,008.37 | 50,488.62 | 15,480.25 | 0.000*** | 53.49 | 68.84 | 15.36 | 0.001*** | 40.47 | 69.85 | 29.38 | 0.000*** | 3.52 | 3.63 | 0.11 | 0.078* |
Hukou | ||||||||||||||||
LRMW | 22,216.84 | 28,255.30 | 6038.46 | 0.000*** | 17.18 | 30.98 | 13.81 | 0.000*** | 13.36 | 30.23 | 16.87 | 0.000** | 3.47 | 3.47 | −0.01 | 0.540 |
ORMW | 25,830.04 | 33,463.34 | 7633.30 | 0.000*** | 30.77 | 39.28 | 8.51 | 0.011** | 30.04 | 32.53 | 2.49 | 0.246 | 3.23 | 3.35 | 0.11 | 0.056* |
Urban worker | 39,210.07 | 47,650.78 | 8440.71 | 0.003*** | 63.55 | 67.68 | 4.13 | 0.125 | 56.13 | 65.91 | 9.78 | 0.004*** | 3.44 | 3.56 | 0.12 | 0.024** |
