Fig. 2

Synopsis of the heavy rainfall obtained from the JRA-55 at 1800 UTC on June 1, 2017. a Daily-averaged vertical pressure velocity (color, Pa s⁻¹) and daily-averaged geopotential height (contour, gpm) at 300 hPa. b Daily-averaged moisture (specific humidity) flux convergence (color, s⁻¹) and daily-averaged horizontal wind (vector, m s⁻¹) at 925 hPa. c Vertical cross section of daily-averaged horizontal wind component perpendicular to the section (color and contour, contour interval is 1 m s⁻¹). Location of the cross section is indicated as the purple-colored solid line in b. d Daily-averaged divergent term in the frontogenetical function equation [color, K (100 km)⁻¹ day ⁻¹] at 850 hPa. The solid line represents the wind shift line at 850 hPa. e Same as d but for the deformation term. f Vertical cross section of daily-averaged the deformation term in the frontogenetical function equation [color, K (100 km)⁻¹ day⁻¹] and daily-averaged transverse circulation (vector, m s⁻¹) along 121° E (the plotted data are zonally averaged between 119° and 123° E). The solid line represents the wind shift line