Fig. 5

a Daily-averaged 850-hPa divergent term in the frontogenetical function equation at 1800 UTC on June 1, 2017 [color, K (100 km)⁻¹ day ⁻¹]. b Same as a but for the difference between the control and sensitivity experiments. c Same as a but for the deformation term. d Same as c but for difference between the control and sensitivity experiments. e Vertical cross section of daily-averaged the deformation term in the frontogenetical function equation [color, K (100 km)⁻¹ day⁻¹] and daily-averaged transverse circulation (vector, m s⁻¹) along 121° E at 1800 UTC on June 1, 2017 (the plotted data are zonally averaged between 119 and 123° E). f Same as e but for difference between the control and sensitivity experiments. g, h Same as e, f but at 0000 UTC on June 2, 2017. The black-colored and red-colored solid lines denote the wind shift lines in the control and sensitivity experiments, respectively