Fig. 1: Relative changes in annual mean AODs during 2001–2018.

a, b Changes in AODs at 550 nm from observation (MODIS, MISR, and MERRA-2, referred to as OBS) mean and CMIP6 multi-model mean (MMM) over a EC and b India (units: %). Individual observation and model are shown in Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2. c, d Changes in dust and non-dust AODs over c EC and d India from MMM (units: %). All values are relative to 2001–2005 mean. The shadings denote one standard deviation of models or observations.