Table 4 Viable tree species for vegetation barriers in the United Kingdom, with trait-specific information relevant to air pollution mitigation at roadsides (to be used in conjunction with Table 3).

From: Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection

Plant species	Morphology		Successional status	Tolerances		Emissions
Plant species	Mature size	Canopy density	Successional status	Drought	Salt	bVOCs	Pollen
Acer buergerianum	Large	Dense	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate
Acer campestre	Medium	Dense	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate
Acer platanoides	Large	Dense	Late	Moderately tolerant	No	Low	High
Acer pseudoplatanus	Large	Dense	Late	Moderately sensitive	No	Low	High
Acer rubrum	Large	Moderate	Late	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	High (var.)
Acer tataricum	Medium	Moderate	Late	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate
Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala	Small	Dense	Late	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate
Ailanthus altissima	Massive	Moderate	–	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate (var.)
Alnus glutinosa	Large	Open	Early	Moderately sensitive	Yes	Low	High
Alnus incana	Large	Open	Early	Moderately sensitive	Yes	Low	High
Alnus × spaethii	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately sensitive	Yes	Low	High
Amelanchier arborea	Medium	Moderate	–	Moderately sensitive	Yes	Low	Low
Celtis australis	Large	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate
Celtis occidentalis	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	No	Low	Moderate
Crataegus monogyna	Small	Dense	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Medium	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	High
Eucommia ulmoides	Large	Moderate	–	Tolerant	Yes	Low	High (var.)
Ginkgo biloba	Large	Moderate	–	Tolerant	Yes	High	Moderate (var.)
Gleditsia triacanthos	Large	Open	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate (var.)
Hippophaë salicifolia	Small	Moderate	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate (var.)
Koelreuteria paniculata	Large	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Liquidamber styraciflua	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	Moderate
Metasequoia glyptostroboides	Massive	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	No	Low	Low
Pinus nigra	Massive	Dense	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Pinus pinaster	Massive	Dense	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Pinus pinea	Large	Dense	–	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Pinus radiata	Massive	Dense	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Pinus strobus	Massive	Dense	–	Moderately sensitive	No	Low	Low
Pinus sylvestris	Massive	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	No	Low	Low
Pinus wallichiana	Massive	Moderate	–	Moderately sensitive	No	Low	Low
Platanus × hispanica	Massive	Moderate	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Populus nigra	Massive	Moderate	Early	Sensitive	Yes	High	High (var.)
Prunus avium	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately sensitive	No	Low	Low
Pyrus calleryana	Medium	Dense	–	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Quercus × bimondorum	Medium	Dense	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus castaneifolia	Massive	Dense	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus cerris	Massive	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus coccinea	Massive	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus frainetto	Massive	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus × hispanica	Massive	Moderate	–	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus ilex	Large	Dense	–	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus palustris	Large	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus petraea	Massive	Moderate	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus phellos	Large	Dense	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus robur	Massive	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus rubra	Massive	Moderate	Early	Moderately sensitive	Yes	High	High
Quercus suber	Large	Dense	–	Tolerant	Yes	High	High
Quercus × turneri	Medium	Dense	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	High
Rhus typhina	Small	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	High (var.)
Robinia pseudoacacia	Large	Open	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Moderate
Sorbus intermedia	Medium	Moderate	–	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Sorbus latifolia	Large	Moderate	Early	Tolerant	Yes	Low	Low
Styphnolobium japonicum	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	High	Low
Taxodium distichum	Massive	Moderate	–	Moderately sensitive	Yes	Low	High
Taxus baccata	Large	Dense	Late	Tolerant	No	Low	High (var.)
Thuja plicata	Massive	Dense	Late	Moderately tolerant	No	Low	High
Tilia cordata	Massive	Moderate	Late	Moderately sensitive	No	Low	Moderate
Tilia × europaea	Massive	Moderate	Late	Moderately sensitive	No	Low	Moderate
Ulmus ‘New Horizon'	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	No	Low	–
Ulmus ‘Rebella'	Large	Moderate	–	Moderately tolerant	No	Low	–
Zelkova serrata	Large	Moderate	Early	Moderately tolerant	Yes	Low	High

A dash (–) indicates a lack of available data. For further information and sources used, refer to Supplementary Section S2 and Supplementary Table S2.

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Table 4 Viable tree species for vegetation barriers in the United Kingdom, with trait-specific information relevant to air pollution mitigation at roadsides (to be used in conjunction with Table 3).

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