Fig. 3: Components of the Power Dissipation Index (PDI) in East Asia (EA) during the mature boreal autumn.

a−c Timeseries of the indicated components of PDI in EA. d Timeseries of the 5-year running centered mean of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). e, f Timeseries of the Western North Pacific subtropical high zonal index and East Asian subtropical jet index, respectively. In a−c, e, f, the thick (thin) line represents the timeseries of the 1-3-4-3-1 filtered (raw) timeseries, respectively. In a, e, f, the black dashed lines indicate the abrupt regime shift in PDI during the Period 1 (1981−1997) and Period 2 (1998−2019), respectively. Significance is tested using student’s t-test statistic with two-tailed distribution.