Fig. 4: Teleconnection of WG rainfall variability to Indo-Pacific SST.

Composite of summer mean SSTA (°C) from ERSSTv5 for a excess, b deficit rainfall years and c difference (a, b) for period 1 (1901–1942). d, e, and f same as a, b, and c but for period 2 (1943–1977). g, h, and i same as a, b, and c but for period 3 (1978–2010). Contours in panels c, f, and i showing the correlation of filtered WGI with filtered SST at 90% confidence upon student t-test. Boxes in h are representing the area taken for calculating SST indices: Niño3.4 (red box), TPI (blue boxes), and DMI (black boxes).