Table 2 Aromatic precursors and reaction products.
From: Formation of secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic precursors in laboratory studies
Precursors | Experimental conditions | Reaction products | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Toluene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione, dihydro-2,5-furandione and 2,5-furandione, 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol and benzoic acid | Forstner et al.68 |
OH radical, chamber, high NOx | Methylnitrophenols, methyldinitrophenols, methylbenzoquinones, methylcyclohexenetriones, 4-oxo-2-butenoic acid, oxo-C5-alkenoic acids, hydroxy-C3-diones, hydroxyoxo-C5- alkenals, hydroxyoxo-C6-alkenals, and hydroxydioxo-C7- alkenals | Jang and Kamens70 | |
OH radical, smog chamber | Glyoxal, and α-dicarbonyls | Volkamer et al.72 | |
Cl, smog chamber | Benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol | Wang et al.92 | |
OH radical, chamber, NOx | Hemiacetal and PHA oligomers and low-molecular-weight dicarboxylic acids | Sato et al.71 | |
OH radical, chamber | 1,2-Dicarbonyls glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and biacetyl | Arey et al.73 | |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products (e.g. butenedial and methylbutendial), alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Chamber, OH | Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) and acid (carbonyl acid and hydroxycarbonyl) | Li et al.79 | |
Chamber, NOx | 2-Methyl-4-nitrophenol and methyl nitro-catechol | Pereira et al.78 | |
Cl, chamber, NOx | Benzenetriol, benzoquinone, benzaldehyde, phenols, and benzoic acid | Dhulipala et al.93 | |
m-Ethyltoluene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | 3-Ethyl-2,5-furandione, 3-methyl-2,5-furandione, 3’-methylacetophenone, 2,5-furandione, and 3-ethylbenzoic acid | Forstner et al.68 |
p-Ethyltoluene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | 3-Ethyl-2,5-furandione, 3-methyl-2,5-furandione, 4’-methylacetophenone, p-tolualdehyde, and 2,5-furandione | Forstner et al.68 |
Benzene | OH radical, smog chamber | Glyoxal, and α-dicarbonyls | Volkamer et al.72 |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Chamber, OH | Ring-opened carboxylic acids and nitrophenols | Sato et al.77 | |
Chamber, OH | Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) and acid (carbonyl acid and hydroxycarbonyl) | Li et al.79 | |
Ethylbenzene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione, p-tolualdehyde, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2,5-hexanedione, dihydro-2,5-furandione, and p-toluic acid | Forstner et al.68 |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Pentamethylbenzene and hexamethylbenzene | Chamber, OH | Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) and acid (carbonyl acid and hydroxycarbonyl) | Li et al.79 |
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | 4-Methylphthalic acid, 3-methyl-2,5-furandione, 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 3-methyl-2,5-hexanedione, and 2,5-furandione | Forstner et al.68 |
OH radical, smog chamber | Diacetyl, aldehydes, dimethylphenols, unsaturated dicarbonyls and epoxydicarbonyls | Bethel et al.69 | |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Chamber, OH | Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) and acid (carbonyl acid and hydroxycarbonyl) | Li et al.79 | |
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | OH radical, smog chamber | Diacetyl, aldehydes, dimethylphenols, unsaturated dicarbonyls and epoxydicarbonyls | Bethel et al.69 |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | OH radical, chamber, high-/low- NOx | 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde, nitrogenated compounds, furanone and dicarbonyls | Wyche et al.76 |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Chamber, OH | Ring-opened carboxylic acids and nitrophenols | Sato et al.77 | |
1,2,4,5- Trimethylbenzene | Chamber, OH | Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) and acid (carbonyl acid and hydroxycarbonyl) | Li et al.79 |
Trimethylbenzenes | OH radical, chamber | 1,2-Dicarbonyls glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and biacetyl | Arey et al.73 |
m-Xylene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione, m-toluic acid, and 2,5-furandione | Forstner et al.68 |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Methylglyoxal, 4-oxo-2-pentenal and 2-methyl-4-oxo-2-butenal, and dimethylphenols | Zhao et al.74 | |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
NO3 radical, chamber | Alkylnitrophenols, substituted quinones and HNO3 | Olariu et al.101 | |
Chamber, OH | Carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) and acid (carbonyl acid and hydroxycarbonyl) | Li et al.79 | |
Chamber, OH | Dicarbonyls, C3-trione, 2,3-butanedione, and 3-methyl-2-oxiranecarbaldehyde | Zhang et al.80 | |
p-Xylene | Outdoor smog chamber, sunlight-irradiated hydrocarbon−NOx mixtures | Acetophenone, 3-methyl-2,5-furandione, 2,5-furandione, dihydro- 5-methyl-2-furanone, benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl-2,5-furandione, and ethyl nitrophenol | Forstner et al.68 |
OH radical, smog chamber | Diacetyl, aldehydes, dimethylphenols, unsaturated dicarbonyls and epoxydicarbonyls | Bethel et al.69 | |
OH radical, chamber | Unsaturated diketones and unsaturated dialdehydes, and PHA | Song et al.75 | |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Chamber, OH | Dicarbonyls, C3-trione, 2,3-butanedione, and 3-methyl-2-oxiranecarbaldehyde | Zhang et al.80 | |
o-Xylene | OH radical, chamber | Unsaturated diketones and unsaturated dialdehydes, and PHA | Song et al.75 |
Flow reactor, OH radical | Bicyclic and ring scission products, alkyl carbonyls, dienedial and epoxide products | Birdsall and Elrod62 | |
Chamber, OH | Dicarbonyls, C3-trione, 2,3-butanedione, and 3-methyl-2-oxiranecarbaldehyde | Zhang et al.80 | |
Xylene | OH radical, smog chamber | Glyoxal, and α-dicarbonyls | Volkamer et al.72 |
OH radical, chamber | 1,2-Dicarbonyls glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and biacetyl | Arey et al.73 | |
1-Methylnaphthalene | Cl, smog chamber | 1-Naphthaldehyde and 1-naphthyl alcohol | Wang et al.92 |
2-Methylnaphthalene | Outdoor smog chamber, sulfate aerosols | OS (C6H4NO6S–, C9H11O5S–, C11H13O7S–, and C11H11O7S–) and sulfonates | Riva et al.127 |
Naphthalene | OH, UV smog chamber | Naphthalic anhydride, naphthalene-1,8-dicarbaldehyde, naphthaldehyde, oxaacenaphthylene-2-one, and hydroxyl-naphthaldehyde | Riva et al.212 |
Cl, UV smog chamber | Phthalic anhydride, chloronaphthalene, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, acenaphthenone, acenaphthenequinone, and chloroacenaphthenone | Riva et al.91 | |
OH radical, chamber, high NOx | 2-Formylcinnamaldehyde, phthaldialdehyde, phthalic anhydride, phthalic acid and hydroxy phthalic acid, benzoic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, dihydroxy cinnamic acid, and 4-nitro-1-naphthol | Kautzman et al.85 | |
OH radical, chamber, low NOx | Naphthol, naphthoquinone, epoxyquinone, phthalic acid and hydroxy phthalic acid, benzoic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and dihydroxy cinnamic acid | ||
Outdoor smog chamber, sulfate aerosols | OS (C10H9O6S-, C10H9O7S-, C10H11O7S-, and C10H10NO9S-) and sulfonates (C6H5O4S-, and C7H5O4S-) | Riva et al.127 | |
Acenaphthylene | OH radical, chamber | Naphthalene-1,8-dicarbaldehyde, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride,10-carbon ring opened dialdehyde, and acenaphthenequinone | Zhou and Wenger83 |
NO3 radical, chamber | Oxygenated compounds with C=C bonds, and acenaphthenequinone | Zhou and Wenger83 | |
OH, UV smog chamber | Naphthalic anhydride, naphthalene-1,8-dicarbaldehyde, naphthaldehyde, oxaacenaphthylene-2-one, and hydroxyl-naphthaldehyde | Riva et al.212 | |
Cl, UV smog chamber | Phthalic anhydride, chloronaphthalene, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, acenaphthenone, acenaphthenequinone, and chloroacenaphthenone | Riva et al.91 | |
Acenaphthene | OH radical, chamber | Nitroacenaphthene, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride and 1-acenaphthenone | Zhou and Wenger84 |
NO3 radical, chamber | 1-Acenaphthenone and nitroacenaphthene | Zhou and Wenger84 | |
Cl, UV smog chamber | Phthalic anhydride, chloronaphthalene, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, acenaphthenone, acenaphthenequinone, and chloroacenaphthenone | Riva et al.91 | |
Phenol | NO3 radical, chamber | 2-Nitrophenol | Bolzacchini et al.98 |
| Â | NO3 radical, O3, chamber | 2-Nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and p-benzoquinone | Bolzacchini et al.98 |
| Â | NO3 radical, chamber | Nitrophenol, non-aromatic/ring-opening nitro-products, and nitrated diphenyl ether dimers | Mayorga et al.97 |
o-, m-and p-Cresol | NO3 radical, chamber | Alkylnitrophenols, substituted quinones and HNO3 | Olariu et al.101 |
4-Methyl catechol | Chamber, NOx | Methyl nitro-catechol | Pereira et al.78 |
Catechol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol and guaiacol | NO3 radical, chamber | Nitrophenol, non-aromatic/ring-opening nitro-products, and nitrated diphenyl ether dimers | Mayorga et al.97 |
Catechol | NO3 radical, chamber, NOx | 4 Nitrocatechol | Finewax et al.102 |
OH radical, chamber, NOx | 4 Nitrocatechol, and 5-nitro-1,2,3-benzenetriol | ||
Resorcinol (1,3-benzenediol) | NO3 radical, chamber, NOx | Benzenetriol (p), nitrobenzenetriol (p), hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (p), hydroxybenzoquinone (g), and nitroresorcinol (g) | Finewax et al.103 |
OH radical, chamber, NOx | Benzenetriol (p), nitrobenzenetriol (p), hydroxybenzoquinone (p), hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (p), benzenetetraol (p) and hydroxybenzoquinone (g) |
