Fig. 2: Impact of COVID-19 on urban climate.

Horizontal variation in the impact of COVID-19 on a energy consumption (EC) (ΔEC), d anthropogenic heat (QF) (ΔQF) and g near-surface air temperature (T) (ΔT) as a daytime average for the period of 18 April to 14 May 2020. Bar charts and box plots of b ΔEC, e ΔQF and h ΔT for each urban category and the total for the 23 wards of Tokyo (bold black line in a, d, and g). The relationship between population changes and c ΔEC, f ΔQF and i ΔT for each urban category.