Fig. 2: The basic physical processes in this dust event.

Spatial distribution of dust transport flux (color contour, unit: µg m−2 s−1) at (a) 850 and (b) 500 hPa. c Average cross sections of dust concentrations (color contour, unit: µg m−3) and vertical speed (contour lines, unit: m s−1) during May 11–16, 2019, over domain 2 (solid and dashed lines represent ascent and descent motions, respectively). d Hourly average dust concentrations (unit: µg m−3) over the TD (35–45°N, 85–95°E; red solid line) and GD (35–45°N, 95–110°E; blue solid line) at 3–10 km altitude. e Ratio of dust concentrations (%) at 3–10 km against that measured below 3 km during May 11–16, 2019. The results are based on the EXP_CTRL experiment.