Fig. 1: Relationship between the VM and the interannual SAT variability over the North Hemisphere during winter-spring seasons. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 1: Relationship between the VM and the interannual SAT variability over the North Hemisphere during winter-spring seasons.

From: Interannual impact of the Victoria mode on the winter-spring surface air temperature over Eurasia and North America

Fig. 1

a The winter-spring surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies in NH obtained by correlating the SAT anomalies with the normalized VM index during 1950–2020 based on the NCEP-1 datasets. b The winter-spring SAT anomalies in NH obtained by correlating the SAT anomalies with the normalized PC time series of the first leading mode of the SAT anomalies in NH. c The time series of the first leading normalized PC (bar) and the EANA index (solid black line). d The time series of the VM (blue line) and the EANA (red line) indices. Oblique lines in a and b indicate the 95% confidence level based on a two-tailed Student’s t test, respectively. In c and d, the correlation coefficients are given in the lower left corner of each panel. The black boxes in a and b denote mid-to-high-latitude eastern Eurasia (90°–140°E, 47°–72°N) and eastern North America (95°–65°W, 47°–72°N), respectively.

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