Fig. 1: Hysteresis of SST skewness.
From: ENSO skewness hysteresis and associated changes in strong El Niño under a CO2 removal scenario
Ensemble-averaged SST anomaly skewness (unitless) in the equatorial (5°S–5°N) Pacific (Hovmöller plot, shading) and equatorial central Pacific (right plot, blue line) relative to the present-day control simulation (bottom map insert, shading, and contours). Non-stippled areas in the Hovmöller plot denote the skewness changes exceeding the 95% confidence level. The black and red solid lines in the right plot represent the CO2 concentration and ensemble-averaged tropical Pacific SST (TP SST, 120°E–80°W, 20°S–20°N) change, respectively. The superimposed colored shadings represent two inter-member standard deviations spread of related physical quantities. Vertical dashed lines in the Hovmöller plots indicate the eastern (90°–145°W) and central Pacific (160°E–145°W) regions, respectively. Horizontal dashed lines indicate different stages of CO2 forcing. The Δ symbol indicates the ensemble-average change relative to the control simulation ensemble average.
