Fig. 5: Changes in tropical Pacific background states.
From: ENSO skewness hysteresis and associated changes in strong El Niño under a CO2 removal scenario
a Time evolution of ensemble-averaged tropical Pacific (120°E-80°W, 20°S-20°N) precipitation centroid (unit: degrees latitude). The blue shading represents two inter-member standard deviations spread. Ensemble-averaged precipitation (unit: mm day−1, red contours) and corresponding changes relative to the control simulation (shading) during the (b) ramp-up period and the (c) ramp-down period. Gray contours represent long-term mean precipitation in the control simulation. d Time evolutions of ensemble-averaged SST indices (unit: °C) in the warm pool (130–160°E, 5°S-5°N; red line), cold tongue (90–120°W, 5°S-5°N; blue line), and their differences (shading). Ensemble-averaged SST relative to the control simulation (shading) during the (e) first half of the ramp-down period (ramp-down-I), and the (f) second half of the ramp-down period (ramp-down-II). Gray contours represent long-term mean SST in the control simulation. Non-stippled areas in each map denote related physical quantity changes exceeding the 95% confidence level.
