Fig. 3: Simulated anomalies of EASP with heavier TPWSC and larger withered grass stem area.

a Differences of EASP (mm day−1) between experiments SNOW and CTL (SNOW minus CTL, representing impacts of heavier TPWSC), hatching shading represent the values significant at the p < 0.1 confidence levels based on Student’s t test. b, c Same as a but for differences between SNOW_WGS and CTL (SNOW_WGS minus CTL, representing impacts of heavier TPWSC under the condition of larger withered grass stem areas), differences between SNOW_WGS and SNOW (SNOW_WGS minus SNOW, representing impacts of larger withered grass stem area on climatic effects of heavier TPWSC).