Fig. 2: Seasonal dependency of the MJO-related precipitation index.

The correlation skill of the MJO-related precipitation index targeted to each calendar month in the DL model. The precipitation index is defined as pentad precipitation averaged over the western Pacific (120°–150° E, 10° S–10° N). The precipitation and SST anomaly map are used as predictors. The DL model was trained using reanalysis data from 1997 to 2010, and forecast results from 2012 to 2017 are used for validation. The ensemble mean data are used.