Fig. 3: Changes in surface air temperature and precipitation rate due to changes in anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursors.

Zonal-mean (a and c) and spatial distributions of changes (b and d) in annual mean surface air temperature (°C, a and b) and precipitation rate (mm day−1, c and d) due to changes in global anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursors from 2013 to 2019. The shaded areas indicate results are statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. Regional averages of the annual mean surface air temperature changes over China (CN), North America (NA) and Europe (EU) are noted in the top panels.