Fig. 5: Physical variables associated with surface–atmosphere coupling over TP.

MJJ a Ts anomalies (shading, unit: K), b boundary layer height (BLH) anomalies (shading, unit: m); c total cloud cover (TCC) anomalies (shading, unit: %); d instantaneous surface sensible heat flux (ISHF) anomalies (shading, unit: J m−2) regressed against the MJJ OVTPI. The dotted areas exceed the 95% confidence level.