Fig. 8: OVTP-induced atmospheric circulation anomalies in JJA.

JJA geopotential height difference (shading, unit: gpm) and wind difference (vector, unit: m s⁻¹) at a 850 hPa, b 500 hPa, and c 850 hPa between two experiments (before_remove−after_remove). The dotted areas and red arrows exceed the 90% confidence level.