Fig. 3: Response of climate to BB emissions based on observational data.

a, b Spring (March–May); c, b June; e, f July; g, h August. Same as in Fig. 2, but based on the composite differences between the 9 years with the highest BB aerosols and the 9 years with the lowest BB aerosols. See text for details. The AOD is from MERRA-2, the precipitation is from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified dataset, the soil moisture is from GLEAM, and the GPH, and 850 hPa winds are from ERA5.