Fig. 4: Detection of causality using convergent cross mapping.
From: Accelerated soil drying linked to increasing evaporative demand in wet regions
a–d Causal relationships of SM − T, SM − VPD, SM−Rn, and SM − P for wet regions using the convergent cross mapping (CCM) for 1980 − 2020. The x axis represents the length of time series. The shaded areas show the mean ± SD from bootstrapped iterations. All results are obtained based on the ensemble mean of ERA5, MERRA-2, and GLEAM.
