Fig. 3: Wave propagation and Hadley cell expansion. | npj Climate and Atmospheric Science

Fig. 3: Wave propagation and Hadley cell expansion.

From: What controls the interannual variation of Hadley cell extent in the Northern Hemisphere: physical mechanism and empirical model for edge variation

Fig. 3

Eliassen–Palm flux (vector) and its divergence (shading, m2 s−2) for a stationary and b transient waves for high-minus-low HCE latitude years. Climatological total EP flux convergence is overlaid with the thick dotted line with the outer contour denoting −200 m2 s−2. Green vertical dotted line indicates the climatological location of the HCE. c Climatological total EMFD (black, m s−1 day−1) and EMFD of stationary (blue) and transient (red) waves for high-minus-low HCE latitude years at 250 hPa. a, b shading represents a significant area at the 95% confidence level and the red box is used to plot Figs. 2 and 5. Vector is represented with a deeper shade of purple proportional to its magnitude.

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