Fig. 4: Modelled Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) SO4 deposition and associated transfer functions.
From: Volcanic forcing of high-latitude Northern Hemisphere eruptions
a Average modelled GrIS deposition across all model experiments. The NEEM, NGRIP, and GISP2 ice core drilling sites are indicated, along with the domain used by Gao et al.45 to derive the Greenland transfer function for NH extratropical eruptions employed in eVolv2k and HolVol v.1.0. b Transfer functions derived from the mean deposition at the locations of the three ice cores (circles), over the Gao et al.45 domain (squares), and over the ice sheet (triangles) for each model experiment. The ensemble means are displayed for H-24km and error bars represent one standard deviation. The transfer function derived by Gao et al.45 used in reconstructions (eVolv2k and HolVol v.1.0) and the mean transfer function across all model experiments in this study, derived from the mean deposition at the locations of the three ice cores, are indicated by the horizontal lines. The shaded areas represent one standard deviation. c The mean SO4 deposition rate over the GrIS in the model experiments, using the ice sheet mask displayed in (a). The individual ensemble members of the baseline experiment are shown in Supplementary Fig. 4.
