Fig. 5: Pakistan precipitation anomaly in June–August 2022.

a, b Same as Fig. 1 (a, b), but for the zoom-in the northern Indian Ocean. The PR region is shown by black boxes. c, d Same as (a, b), but for the NAS_ANOM and the NAS_OBS (108-ensemble mean). For (c, d), dotted are area where the differences between the nudging experiment and the original experiment are statistically significant above the 99% significance level.