Fig. 5: Comparison between modeled and ERA5 SST phases.
From: The phase change in the annual cycle of sea surface temperature
a, b Difference of averaged phase in three regions: western North Pacific Ocean (blue), eastern North Pacific Ocean (red), and North Atlantic Ocean (yellow). The 10 circles for each model and each region represent results from 10 ensembles separately. Positive values represent lagging with respect to observation. c Variability of high-frequency and low-frequency components of phases. Two components are separated by 11-year running mean. Markers open circle and star denote results from simulations and ERA5 SST, respectively. Solid lines represent the averaged standard deviation ratio of high-frequency and low-frequency components in ensembles, and dashed lines represent the departure of double inter-ensemble standard deviation (95% confidence interval) from the solid lines. Red color for the summer phase and blue for winter.
