Fig. 5: DJF geopotential height at 500 hPa.

Composite mean anomalies of geopotential height (shading; gpm) at 500 hPa for a NAO−\TSPT+, b TSPT+\NAO−, c NAO−⊕TSPT+, d linear superposition of (a, b), e difference between (c, d). Bars in (f) indicate area mean values of the geopotential height anomalies in the black box in (a–e). Dotted areas in (a–c) are significant at or above the 90% confidence level. Red dotted areas in (e) indicate amplitude of geopotential height anomalies in (c) are significantly stronger than those in (a, b). Black slash bars in (f) indicate composites to climatology are significant at the 90% confidence level. The line variation over the bar in (f) indicates standard deviation.